How to improve the fruit set and evenness of grapes
Increasing the fruit set rate of grapes and ensuring the consistency of fruit size are the key to improving the quality and economic efficiency of grapes. However, in production, there are often phenomena of low fruit setting rate and size. Through practice, the author summarizes the reasons and corresponding management techniques. as follows.
First, the reason analysis
1. Temperature. When the temperature reaches above 10°C, the grape leaf buds begin to sprout. If the temperature is lower than 10°C, the shoots will not grow normally, which will affect the normal differentiation of flower buds. After entering the flowering period, the temperature below 15°C will lead to poor flower development, the temperature exceeds 35°C, especially with dense foliage and poor air permeability in the canopy, which can easily cause flower necrosis.
2. Light. If the light is sufficient, the leaves will accumulate more nutrients for flower development; if the light is insufficient, it will lead to poor flower development.
3. Ventilation conditions. If the foliage is too dense and the inflorescences are surrounded by foliage, it will result in poor ventilation and lack of pollinators, affecting normal pollination of inflorescences.
4. Fertilizer management. With large quantities of grapes, the demand for water and nutrients is very large. If the supply of fertilizer and water is insufficient, especially when potassium, phosphorus, boron and other elements are lacking, the pollination ability will be reduced. However, if the water and fertilizer are excessive, it will result in prolonged foliage and large numbers of pumping. No shoots are used to inhibit the growth and development of the inflorescence, resulting in falling fruit.
5. The result is that there are few leaves. If the vine grows weakly, the result is that there are few leaves, especially less than 4 leaves, which will affect the normal flowering and fruit setting of the inflorescence.
6. Improper flowering. The inflorescences of the grapes are clustered inflorescences. There can be 50-60 or even more flowers in a small inflorescence. If they are not sparse, after flowering and fruit setting, they will compete for nutrition and appear inconsistently in size.
Second, management measures
1. Fertilizer before bud. In North China, after the grapes are unearthed, they are smashed on the ground for about 7 days, applying 35 to 40 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per acre, and 10 to 15 kg of farmyard fertilizer per plant.
2. Smear buds. Before leaf buds are unfolded, the nutrients of the leaf buds are supplied by the nutrients stored in the tree body. The wiping of the buds can reduce the nutrient consumption of the tree body and should be sooner rather than later. The principle of wiping buds is to vigorously build tree buds. The moderate tree vigor and weak vigor wipe the weak buds, eliminating the two buds, axillary buds, and the weak buds and diseases and insects sprouting on the main trunk, leaving a round head full of buds.
3. Trim pruning. When new shoots grow to more than 20 cm, pruning begins. 1 lean, stay small to stay strong, stay weak and stay strong. 2 Knuckles, 3 to 4 branches of the growing trend are pulled down to the right position and fixed on the wire rack with cloth strips so that the light can enter the interior of the tree, and the other branches spread freely to balance the space distribution. 3 At the same time when topping and tying, for vigorously growing shoots, leave at least 7 leaves in the inflorescence to pick the heart. The growing middle doom or the weaker shoots are picked up 2 to 3 days before flowering. The principle is that the top cannot reach normal. One-third of the leaves were completely removed. 4 when the leaves are too dense, the leaves around the inflorescence should be properly removed to ensure that the inflorescence can be airy and transparent.
4. Inflorescences. In the inflorescence separation period, the tip of the spike is first removed by 1 to 3 cm, and then counted from the lower inflorescence branch, leaving 14 to 16 branches, and the above large inflorescence branches and all spikes and shoulders and shoulders. In addition, if the individual inflorescences on the upper part are particularly long, they should be appropriately shortened so that the ear has a long cylindrical shape.
5. Flower spray fertilizer. Combination of pest control before flowering, spray 0.2~0.3% borax solution on the tree body, can increase fruit setting rate.
6. Auxiliary tip and tendrils. For the secondary shoots on the resulting branches, all but the top secondary tips are retained. The tendrils will consume a lot of nutrients, remove tendrils while going to the auxiliary tip, and avoid climbing everywhere.
7. Sparse spikes. Remove the three upper branches of the ear, the number of spikelets remaining on the main cob is about 12-13, the length of the cob is 15-20 cm, and the length of the stem is about 10 cm, remove the diseased fruit, seedless Small grain, dense fruit, and fruit growth inwards, so that the ear is neat, do not collapse shoulders, not loose.
8. Fertilize and water. Fertilization can be applied by acupuncture methods. It is also possible to use mechanical means for liquid fertilization. Apply 12 to 15 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate per acre. After fertilization, the whole garden was poured once and then water was poured once every 10 days to keep the soil moist.
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