The efficacy and role of phosphate fertilizer? What kinds of phosphate fertilizers are on the market?
What is the role of phosphate fertilizer?
What is phosphate fertilizer?
The full name of phosphorus fertilizer. Phosphate fertilizer takes phosphorus as the main nutrient fertilizer. The size (significant degree) and speed of phosphate fertilizer are determined by the effective phosphorus pentoxide content, soil properties, fertilizer release methods and crop types.
The role of phosphate fertilizer
Rational application of phosphate fertilizer can increase crop yield, improve crop quality, accelerate grain tillering and promote grain fullness; promote flowering results of cotton, melons, solanaceous vegetables and fruit trees, increase the rate of results; increase beet, sugar cane, watermelon, etc. Sugar; oil content of rapeseed.
What kinds of phosphate fertilizer are there in phosphate fertilizer?
1, by source
According to the source can be divided into:
(1) Natural phosphate fertilizers, such as sea bird droppings, animal bone powder and fish bone powder.
(2) Chemical phosphate fertilizers, such as superphosphate, heavy superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate, phosphate rock.
2. Classification according to the solubility of phosphates contained
(1) Water-soluble phosphate fertilizer, such as calcium phosphate, heavy superphosphate, and the like. Its main component is monocalcium phosphate. Soluble in water, fast fertilizer effect.
(2) 枸 soluble phosphate fertilizer, such as precipitated phosphate fertilizer, steel slag phosphate fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, defluorinated phosphate fertilizer. Its main component is dicalcium phosphate. Slightly soluble in water and soluble in water 2% citric acid solution, the fertilizer effect is slow.
(3) Insoluble phosphate fertilizers, such as bone meal and phosphate rock. Its main component is tricalcium phosphate. Slightly soluble in water and 2% citric acid solution, must be gradually converted to monocalcium phosphate or dicalcium phosphate in the soil before the fertilizer effect occurs.
3. Classified by production method
According to the production method, it can be divided into wet phosphorus fertilizer and thermal phosphorus fertilizer.
When the appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer is applied, it can promote crop tillering and early maturity, strengthen its cold resistance ability, and improve its yield and quality.
Phosphate fertilizer is a fertilizer containing phosphorus, which is a nutrient element produced by phosphate rock.
Phosphorus is a component of cell protoplasts in plants and plays an important role in cell growth and proliferation. Phosphorus is also involved in photosynthesis of plant life processes, sugar and starch utilization and energy transfer processes.
Phosphate fertilizer can also promote the growth of roots in plant seedlings and make plants mature early. When the plants are in the process, a large amount of phosphorus is transferred to the kernels, so that the seeds are full.
The earliest phosphate fertilizer was superphosphate, which has been gradually replaced by high-concentration phosphate such as ammonium phosphate and heavy superphosphate.
The grade of the effective component of the phosphate fertilizer is expressed as the mass fraction of phosphorus pentoxide.
Qualitative identification of NPK fertilizers can first distinguish between phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in terms of appearance and solubility. Commonly used nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are generally white crystals (imported potassium chloride is often reddish, lime nitrogen black), and soluble in water, commonly used phosphate fertilizer is gray powder, insoluble or partially soluble in water. If you want to further distinguish between nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, you can grind the fertilizer into powder, take a small amount and put it on a small piece of iron to burn. If it can burn, melt or white smoke is nitrogen fertilizer; if it does not burn, it will beat or have a popping sound. Potassium fertilizer, you can roughly distinguish between nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer.
4, according to the size of the solubility and the difficulty of classification of crops
Phosphate fertilizer is generally divided into three categories: water-soluble phosphate fertilizer, weak acid-soluble phosphate fertilizer and poorly soluble phosphate fertilizer. Phosphate fertilizer, which is soluble in water (referred to as phosphorus), is called water-soluble phosphate fertilizer, such as superphosphate, heavy superphosphate; can be dissolved in 2% citric acid or neutral ammonium citrate or slightly alkaline lemon The ammonium phosphate phosphate fertilizer is called weak acid soluble phosphate fertilizer or strontium soluble phosphate fertilizer. Such as calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, steel slag phosphate fertilizer, calcium metaphosphate, etc.; not soluble in water, not soluble in weak acid and only soluble in strong acid phosphate fertilizer, called poorly soluble phosphate fertilizer, such as phosphate rock powder, bone powder.
What is nitrophosphate
Phosphate fertilizer is a fertilizer with a ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of about 2:1 prepared by the method of nitric acid decomposition. The main components of the product are dicalcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate and ammonium nitrate.
How to use phosphate fertilizer
Phosphate fertilizer is the lowest utilization rate of all chemical fertilizers, and seasonal crops can only use 10%-25%. The reason is mainly that phosphorus is easily fixed in the soil. At the same time, its mobility in the soil is very small, and the volume of contact between the root and the soil generally accounts for only 4%-10% of the volume of the plough layer. Therefore, the fixation of phosphorus is minimized, the degradation of phosphorus is prevented, and the phosphorus and roots are increased. Contact area and increase of phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate are the key to rational application of phosphate fertilizer and giving full play to the maximum benefit of unit phosphate fertilizer.
(1) Rational distribution and application of phosphate fertilizer according to soil conditions
In soil conditions, factors such as phosphorus supply level, soil N/P2O5, organic matter content, soil ripening degree and soil pH were most closely related to the rational distribution and application of phosphate fertilizer.
Soil phosphorus supply level and N?P2O5: soil total phosphorus content has little correlation with phosphate fertilizer efficiency, while available phosphorus content has a good correlation with phosphate fertilizer efficiency. It is generally believed that the available phosphorus (P2O5) is moderate in the range of 10mg?kg-20mg/kg (Olsen method), the application of phosphate fertilizer increases; the available phosphorus is >25mg/kg, the phosphate fertilizer is invalid; when the available phosphorus is <10mg/kg, the phosphate fertilizer is increased. Significant.
The critical range of phosphorus in vegetables is relatively high, and the phosphate fertilizer is still effective when the available phosphorus reaches 57 mg/kg. The phosphorus content of Guoguang apple leaves is less than 0.14%, which is insufficient phosphorus. The phosphate fertilizer efficiency is also closely related to N/P2O5. On the soil with low phosphorus supply and N?P2O5, the application of phosphate fertilizer increased significantly.
In soils with high phosphorus supply and small N?P2O5, the effect of applying phosphate fertilizer is small; on soils with high nitrogen and phosphorus supply levels, the application of phosphate fertilizer increases production instability; while the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus is low. In the soil, only by increasing the level of nitrogen application, it is beneficial to play the fertilizer effect of phosphate fertilizer.
Soil organic matter content and phosphorus fertilizer efficiency: Generally speaking, in the soil with soil organic matter content > 2.5%, the application of phosphate fertilizer increased production was not significant, and the soil yield was significantly increased in organic matter content <2.5%. This is because the soil organic matter content is positively correlated with the available phosphorus content, so the phosphate fertilizer is best applied to soils with low organic matter content.
Soil pH and Phosphate Fertilizer Efficiency: Soil pH has different effects on different varieties of phosphate fertilizer. Generally, weak acid soluble phosphate fertilizer and poorly soluble phosphate fertilizer should be distributed on acidic soil, while water soluble phosphate fertilizer should be distributed on neutral and calcareous soil.
Phosphate fertilizer can also be allocated to specific fields according to the degree of soil ripening before the quantitative evaluation of the amount of soil phosphorus supply is specifically evaluated. Generally, it should be preferentially distributed in thin thin fields, dry fields, cold-impregnated fields, new depressions and newly leveled land, as well as soils with insufficient organic fertilizers, acidic soils or high nitrogen fertilizers, because these fields are usually deficient in phosphorus. The effect of applying phosphate fertilizer is remarkable and the economic benefit is high.
(2) Rational allocation and application of phosphate fertilizer according to crop phosphorus requirement and rotation system
Different types of crops have different absorption and absorption levels of phosphorus. On the same soil, phosphorus-sensitive crops, such as legumes, sugar cane, sugar beets, rapeseed, radish, buckwheat, corn, tomato, sweet potato, potato and fruit trees, should be preferentially distributed. Among them, legume crops, rapeseed, buckwheat and fruit trees have strong ability to absorb phosphorus, and some hardly soluble phosphate fertilizers can be applied. Although potato is sensitive to phosphorus reaction, its absorption capacity is poor, and water-soluble phosphorus is preferred. Some crops that have poor response to phosphorus, such as winter wheat, have low phosphorus supply in winter, poor phosphorus supply capacity, and more phosphorus in the tillering stage, so phosphate fertilizer is also applied.
In areas with a rotation system, the characteristics of rotation should also be considered when applying phosphate fertilizer. In the water and drought rotation, the principle of “dry and heavy water†should be mastered, that is, the phosphorus fertilizer should be mainly applied to dry farming in the same rotation cycle; in dryland rotation, the phosphate fertilizer should be preferentially applied to beans with more phosphorus and strong phosphorus absorption capacity. On crops; when crops have similar nutrient characteristics to phosphorus, phosphate fertilizer should be distributed on winter crops.
(3) Reasonable distribution and application according to the nature of the fertilizer
Water-soluble phosphate fertilizers are suitable for most crops and soils, but are more suitable for neutral and calcareous soils. Generally, it can be used as a base fertilizer, top dressing and concentrated application of seed fertilizer. The weak acid-soluble phosphate fertilizer and the poorly soluble phosphate fertilizer are preferably distributed on the acidic soil, and the base fertilizer is applied, and the effect is better on the phosphorus-sensitive crop with strong phosphorus absorption ability. At the same time, the fineness of weak acid soluble phosphate fertilizer and poorly soluble phosphate fertilizer is also closely related to its fertilizer efficiency. The fineness of phosphate rock powder is 90% through 100 mesh sieve, that is, the maximum particle size is 0.149mm.
The particle size of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is in the range of 40-100 mesh, and the content of strontium-soluble phosphorus increases with the particle size becoming thinner. When the content exceeds 100 mesh, the sputum solubility rate does not change much, and the dissolution ability of different soils to calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is different. Different types of crops have different abilities to utilize bismuth-soluble phosphorus, so the requirements for fineness are also different.
It should not be less than 40 mesh in the acidic soil where the dry crops are planted, and should not be less than 60 mesh in the neutral phosphorus-deficient soil and rice planting, and about 100 mesh in the phosphorus-deficient calcareous soil.
(4) Mainly based on seed fertilizer and base fertilizer, supplemented by root top dressing
From the perspective of different growth stages of crops, the critical period of phosphorus nutrition of crops is generally early, such as rice, wheat in the three-leaf stage, cotton in the second to third-leaf stage, and corn in the five-leaf stage, all of which are in the early stage of crop growth. Foot fertilizer can meet the demand for phosphorus in this period. Otherwise, phosphorus nutrition will be insufficient in the critical period of phosphorus nutrition, and at least 15% will be reduced.
In the period of vigorous crop growth, the demand for phosphorus is very large, but at this time the root system is developed and the ability to absorb phosphorus is strong, and phosphorus in the base fertilizer can generally be utilized. Therefore, when conditions permit, one-third of the seed fertilizer, two-thirds of the base fertilizer, is the most suitable phosphorus fertilizer allocation program. If the phosphate fertilizer is insufficient, the seed fertilizer will be used first, and it can be used in the seedling stage or in the vigorous growth period.
In the later stage of growth, crops mainly meet the needs of various organs in the later stage through the redistribution and reuse of phosphorus in the body. Therefore, most crops can respond to phosphorus in the later stage as long as they can fully satisfy their phosphorus nutrition needs in the early stage.
However, some crops such as cotton are in the flowering stage of the bell, the soybean is in the flowering stage of the pod, and the sweet potato needs more phosphorus in the root enlargement period. At this time, we will meet the needs of the roots and the top dressing. Concentrations, monocotyledonous plants such as rice and wheat, and fruit trees are sprayed at concentrations ranging from 1% to 3%. Dicotyledonous plants such as cotton, canola, tomato, cucumber, etc. are preferably 0.5%-1% (superphosphate).
(5) Deep application and concentrated application of phosphate fertilizer
In view of the fact that the phosphate fertilizer is small in mobility and easy to be fixed in the soil, when applying the phosphate fertilizer, it is necessary to reduce the contact area with the soil and increase the contact with the crop root group to increase the utilization rate of the phosphate fertilizer. The concentrated application of phosphate fertilizer is the most economical and effective method of application. Because it is concentrated in the vicinity of the crop root group, it reduces the contact area with the soil and reduces the fixation, and also increases the phosphorus concentration gradient between the fertilization point and the root soil. Conducive to the diffusion of phosphorus, easy to root absorption.
(6) Combined application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers
The combination of N and P can significantly increase crop yield and utilization of phosphate fertilizer. In the absence of potassium, there is a certain proportion of crop demand for N and P. For example, the proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus in gramineous crops is 2-3:1, and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in apples is 2:1. However, most of the soil in China is deficient in nitrogen, so single application of phosphate fertilizer will not achieve higher fertilizer efficiency. When the N and P nutrients maintain a certain balance, the crop can be produced at a high yield.
(7) Coadministration with organic fertilizer
First, the crude humus in organic fertilizer can protect water-soluble phosphorus, reduce its contact with Fe, Al, and Ca and reduce fixation. Second, organic fertilizer produces various organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid, and oxalic acid during decomposition. , tartaric acid, etc.
These organic acids form complexes with Fe, Al, and Ca, and prevent the fixation of Fe, Al, and Ca to phosphorus. At the same time, these organic acids are also beneficial for the dissolution of weak acid-soluble phosphate fertilizers and poorly soluble phosphate fertilizers; again, the above organic acids may also be used. Complexing Fe, Al, and Ca in iron phosphate, aluminum phosphate, and calcium phosphate in the original soil to increase the content of available phosphorus in the soil.
(8) Aftereffect of phosphate fertilizer
The utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in the year is 10%-25%, and most of the phosphorus remains in the soil, so its aftereffect is very long. According to research, the annual cumulative utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is 5-10 years, which can reach 50%. Therefore, when the phosphate fertilizer is insufficient, after several years of continuous application, it can be applied again every 2-3 years, after using the previously applied phosphate fertilizer. Effectively, it can meet the demand for phosphate fertilizer in crops.
In short, the rational application of phosphate fertilizer should take into account the soil conditions, the characteristics of the phosphate fertilizer, the nutritional characteristics of the crop, the fertilization method, and the reasonable ratio of nitrogen fertilizer to the phosphate fertilizer. When the potassium and trace elements in the soil are insufficient, it is necessary to fully consider these elements so that they do not become the minimum limiting factor, so as to improve the fertilizer efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer.
This article URL: The efficacy and role of phosphate fertilizer? What kinds of phosphate fertilizers are on the market?
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