Top ten measures for cherry production to promote harvest

1. Do a good job of cleaning the orchard

1. The main work is to remove the weeds and litter in the cherry orchard, especially to remove the "stiff dead fruit" on the tree.
2. Spray the Baume 3-4 degree lime sulfur mixture 1-2 times in the whole garden in early spring to completely wipe out the overwintering diseases and insects in the park, and prevent and control cherry scale insects and gum disease early.
3. Scrape the main stems of upper gum disease, rot disease, neck rot disease, and treat the wound with Baume 4-5 degree stone sulfur mixture.

2. Do a good job of building the garden as soon as possible

1. Spring is a key period for planting cherry trees. You can choose an average annual temperature of 8 ° C to 12 ° C, build a cherry orchard with good weather and good drainage.
2. Huangmian soil and sandy soil are better, and the thickness of the soil layer is above 1m.
3. Spread organic fertilizer, farm manure or compound fertilizer before planting. Deeply loosen the soil and improve the soil.
4. It is best to use low ridge cultivation, with a ridge height of 10-20cm and a ridge width of 1.5m, to improve soil permeability and drainage capacity. The planting direction is north-south direction.

3. Choose new varieties of high-quality, hard meat, thick-skinned cherries, dwarf new rootstocks to build gardens or high-quality replacements for old orchards

At present, the cultivars with better comprehensive traits are:
1. Early maturing varieties: Qin Ying No. 1, Reiter, Zao Da Guo, Red Light, Mei Zao;
2. Mid-mature varieties: Pioneer, Samit, Yanyang, Rennie, Brooks, Serbia, Meizao, Fragrant;
3. Late-maturing varieties: Jimei, Rabins, Jimos No. 1, Cordia, Regina, Qin Ying No. 3, Lite, Universe, Sweetheart.
4. It is recommended to use Mahali CDR-1 with strong root cancer resistance, saline-alkali resistance, dwarfing, and developed root system when building a garden, extremely dwarf Mahali CDR-2, and dwarf, early fruit G6 Cherry rootstock.

4. Grasp the cherry pruning work in spring, it is recommended to mainly use the cherry ultra-slender spindle-shaped cultivation mode

1. The structure of the tree is indefinite or fixed at a height of 1.2m. The main branches are engraved and wiped to promote the main branches. The central leading trunk bears the main branches that are opened at 25-30 angles and spirally rises. The trees are mainly trimmed in long period and the crown height is controlled at 3.5 ～ 4m. 1200-1800kg per mu.
2. Reshaping points (1) The row spacing of plants is (1.5 ～ 2) m × (4.5 ～ 5) m, 67 ～ 99 trees per mu.
(2) The first year of colonization: colonization in autumn and winter or early spring, indefinite or 1.2m high. During the growing season, pull out the branches at an angle of 90 to 110 degrees.
(3) The second year of planting: wipe and bud in spring. Method of wiping buds: starting from the top bud of the main stem, leaving the top bud, wiping 5 buds under the top bud, leaving 5 buds downward, then wiping 3 to 5 buds, leaving 5 buds downward, and so on until the distance from the ground Up to 50cm. Then use engraved bud technology, engraved bud method: when cherry buds are exposed to green, use the eyebrow engraved bud method (or double steel saw blade engraved bud) for the remaining buds, spirally rising. For the 1-year-old main branch, leave 65-70 cm, adopt double bud shearing technique and pruning technique. The time of double bud shearing is in early spring and autumn, and the time of remaining pruning is in the autumn or spring of the next year.
(4) The 3rd and 4th year of planting: continue to use the method of wiping buds and engraving buds, cultivating 25-30 main branches in total. The 1-year-old main branches are kept 65-70 cm, and the double bud shearing and pile pruning techniques are used for pruning. The double bud shearing takes place in the early spring, summer and autumn cherry new shoot growth period. The long-term pruning technique is used for pruning of perennial branches.
(5) Canopy height: The canopy height of the tree during the fruiting period is controlled at 3.5-4m. Note that the crowning of the canopy is carried out when the central leadership at the top of the cherry tree begins to bear fruit.

5. Carrying out "V" shaped cultivation, gardening and pruning

1. Tree structure (1) The planting density of the orchard using the "V" shaped cultivation mode is larger than that of the ultra-slender spindle, and the planting is in a wide and narrow row, the plant spacing is 1.8 ~ 2m, and the planting row spacing [(0.5 ～ 1.5) + (4 ～ 5)] m, in a double-line "V" shape, planting 103 to 165 trees per mu to establish a cherry orchard.
If using extremely dwarf Mahal CDR-2 rootstock, the plant spacing can be 1 ～ 2m, planting row spacing [(0.5 ～ 1.5) + (4 ～ 5)] m, showing double-row “V” shape, planting per mu 103 to 297 trees.
(2) The first year of colonization. Plant two cherry trees at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees in the east-west direction, and the distance between the two plants is 0.5 to 1.5 m, so that the two plants have a "V" shape.
(3) In the second year, the main branch and the main trunk are at a 90-degree angle, and they are bound to the steel wire or iron wire in an orderly direction from the north to the south. Among them, the main branch of the first layer is 50 cm above the ground, and the side branches are cultivated.
(4) In the third year, continue to put the new main branches at a 90-degree angle, bind them to steel wires or iron wires in an orderly arrangement in the north-south direction, so that the side branches occupy all the space, and the thickness of the main branches is required to be less than 1 / 2. Cultivation of fruiting branches, combined with pruning in summer, to remove thick and dense branches, leaving 10-15 main branches on each side, and no permanent main branches.
(5) The height of the canopy is controlled at 2.5 ~ 3m, and the shape of "V" will appear after the shaping is completed.
Adopt "V" shape cultivation mode, the output of large cherries in the full fruit period: the yield per mu reaches 1500 ～ 1800kg. The "V" shaped cultivation mode is suitable for cherry open field and facility cultivation production. Compared with the ultra-slender spindle-shaped cultivation mode, it can enter the fruit-bearing period 1 to 2 years earlier.
2. The construction of the "V" shaped bracket (1) According to the requirements of the cultivation mode planning, fixed-point lines, generally set up two concrete or pine wood brackets every 10m, the angle between the bracket and the horizontal plane is 45-60 degrees, so that the two brackets The shape is "V".
(2) Each bracket is 3m in length, 15cm in diameter, and buried 50cm deep underground.
(3) Pull the first layer of steel wire or iron wire at a height of 50-60 cm from the ground, and pull one layer every 50-60 cm for a total of 4-5 layers.
3. Main points of plastic pruning (1) Plant two cherry trees at an angle of 45-60 degrees, with a "V" shape, plant spacing of 0.5-1.5m, and the height of the main branch of the first layer about 50cm above the ground.
(2) Bind the main branch to the steel wire or iron wire at an angle of 90 degrees in an orderly direction from north to south.
(3) There are 10-15 main branches on each side of the north and south, and no permanent main branches are left.
(4) The canopy has a "V" shape after plastic surgery.
(5) The canopy height is 2.5 ～ 3m.

Sixth, carry out multi-trunk hedge wall cultivation and gardening and pruning

1. The tree structure is planted in the north-south row, and the planting seedlings are tilted 45 degrees to the south, and the plant row spacing is (2 ～ 3) m × (3 ～ 4) m. Cultivate the two main trunks in the north-south direction, and cultivate 8-10 upright main branches on their backs, with the main branches spaced 12-15cm apart. The main branches whose main branches are thicker than 1/2 of the base should be retracted and trimmed. Side branches over 50 cm in length should be retracted or thinned out, using short branches as a result. The number of upright main branches per mu is 1600-2000.
The multi-trunk hedge-shaped cultivation mode avoids the pulling branches of fruit trees, and the dwarf cultivation effect is remarkable. It is an ideal labor-saving cultivation mode, and the yield per mu can reach more than 1500kg.
2. Bracket structure (1) According to the planning and design requirements, generally a 2.5 to 3m long column is set every 10 to 15m along the north-south direction.
(2) Embed the column into the soil to a depth of 50cm.
(3) The first layer of steel wire or wire is 50 to 60 cm away from the ground, and the main branches are evenly and vertically tied to the steel wire or wire, and a layer is pulled upward every 50 to 60 cm for a total of 3 layers.
3. Main points of plastic pruning (1) Plant row spacing: plant spacing: 2 ～ 3m. Line spacing: 3 ～ 4m. Plant 56 to 111 plants per mu.
(2) For north-south row planting, plant the cherry seedlings at an angle of 45 degrees to the south, and then use the technique of engraving and wiping buds to cultivate 8-10 upright main branches on the back, with the main branches at a distance of 12-15 cm.
(3) In the second year, the first main branch in the base is changed to the main branch in the opposite direction, with an inclination angle of 45 degrees, and 8 to 10 upright main branches are cultivated on the back, with the main branch spacing between 12 and 15 cm.
(4) Pruning: For main branches whose thickness exceeds 1/2 of the thickness of the base trunk, they should be retracted and trimmed. Side branches over 50cm in length should be retracted or thinned out, using the results of the main short branches.

7. According to the law of occurrence of chafers in cherry orchards, seize the critical period of prevention and control to effectively prevent and control

1. The main types of chafers and their occurrence regularity (1) The scarab chafer: 1 generation in 1 year, the adult body length is 10mm, and the adult is overwintering in the soil pupa chamber, and it is unearthed from late April to early May of the following spring, from 8 to 8 am At 9 o'clock in the afternoon, the young shoots and tender leaves are the most abundant. Adults have false deaths and no phototaxis.
(2) Black cashmere chafer: 1 generation in 1 year, the adult body is 8-9mm long, and the adult will overwinter in the soil pupa chamber, and it will be unearthed from the end of March to the middle of April of the following year. After the unearth, the adult will eat the young shoots, young leaves and bud.
(3) Patina beetle: 1 generation per year, the adult body is 19mm long, the patina is patina, and has metallic luster. The third-instar larvae overwinter in the soil, pupate in mid-to-late May of the following year, and unearthed by adult worms in early and mid-June. The adult worms nibble on the leaves.
Grubs are larvae of scarabs. They eat the roots of cherry trees in the soil. When severe, they kill the entire tree. They are the main underground pests in nurseries and nurseries.
2. Control methods (1) Control of grubs: irrigate roots with 500 times 48% chlorpyrifos emulsion around tree roots from March to April and July to August every year.
(2) Prevention and control of adult scarabs: In the evening, the scarabs are sprayed with 1500 to 2000 times 4.5% high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsifiable oil during the damage period; trapped by trap lights; trapped by hanging sweet and sour liquid; artificially killed in the evening.
(3) Avoid legume crops such as clover and beans in cherry orchards to reduce the number of insects.
(4) Plant insect repellent crops such as pyrethrum and mandala to drive out chafers.

8. Effective prevention and control of cherry root cancer

1. Symptoms The main symptom is the formation of tumors of different sizes at the infected site. The diameter in the nursery can generally reach 20-50 mm, and the maximum in the field can reach 300 mm. At the beginning of the disease, the gall tumors were light brown pus-like protrusions, smooth and soft skin, and later gradually became dark brown, with uneven surfaces. After the cherry is infected with this disease, the lighter plants grow slowly, the leaves appear iron-deficiency yellow leaf disease, the tree vigor is weak, and the branches are few and short. As a result, the ability and fruit quality are seriously reduced. In severe cases, the whole plant wilt and die.
2. Prevention measures (1) Use virus-free rootstocks and rootstocks with strong root cancer resistance when building the garden, such as Mahali series. Avoid injuries to tree trunks, ground and underground roots, and prevent infection.
(2) When building gardens, choose loose, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy loam soil to avoid building gardens or raising seedlings in old orchards or thinning stubble fields.
(3) When introducing and transferring seedlings from the field, choose disease-free strong seedlings to minimize mechanical damage, use Genailing (K84) 30 times solution before planting, Genai Ning No. 3 2 times, agricultural streptomycin 1000 times Or anti-root cancer bacteria agent 2 to 4 times solution dipped in root to prevent.
(4) For the diseased plants, the soil can be removed during the growing season to remove the tumor, and the above bacteria can be used to irrigate the affected area for sterilization.
(5) Young trees can be soild in the spring to dry and irrigate the roots with the above fungi.
(6) Lower groundwater level, ridge cultivation, improve soil permeability.
(7) Apply alkaline fertilizer to alkaline soil; apply appropriate amount of sulfur to soil with pH value> 8.
(8) On flat ground, dig a ditch with a depth of 1m every 3 to 4 rows of trees. Sticky soil is improved by applying more organic fertilizer, burying straw, and natural grass, etc. to improve soil microbial structure.
(9) For heavy stubble fields, it is necessary to plant one year of gramineous crops, or leisurely plant one year of forage and then plant large cherries, which can reduce the incidence of root cancer.

Nine, pay attention to the application of formula fertilization technology

1. Soil management (1) Mainly chemical fertilizers, supplemented by organic fertilizers. In the full fruiting period, each plant topdressed with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (ratio 1: 0.5: 2) compound fertilizer 2 ~ 3kg.
(2) Mainly grass and grass, supplemented by tillage. It is recommended that during the fruit development period, the soil management of the orchard adopts a clear tillage system, which is convenient for spraying insecticides on the ground to control fruit flies during the fruit development period.
2. Fertilize according to soil texture (1) Principle of fertilizing sandy soil: a small number of times.
(2) Principles of fertilizing clayey soil: less times and more quantities.
3. Fertilization parts (1) Root fertilization: soil drip irrigation, using integrated fertilizer and water fertilization technology.
(2) Foliar fertilization: Foliar spray fertilizer, supplement with 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, zinc, iron and other micro-fertilizers for each spray.
4. Fertilization method (1) Apply with water (rush fertilization, drip irrigation fertilizer). Orchards with conditions for water-saving irrigation use fertilizer irrigation technology for top dressing.
(2) Top dressing outside the roots (foliar spraying). Combined with spraying, supplemented with trace element fertilizer.
(3) Circular fertilization (applicable to fertilization in orchards without water-saving irrigation facilities): Digging trenches with a depth of 30cm and a width of 60cm, fertilizing in a radial ditch.

10. Do a good job of flower and fruit management and pollination and fertilization

1. Sparse flowers and fruits (1) Sparse flower buds: Eliminate overdense flower buds to ensure the production of high-quality cherries.
(2) Flower thinning technique: under normal weather conditions, combined with summer shears, the ratio of leaves to fruit (3 to 5): 1 will thin out too many weak flower branches.
2. Configuration of pollinator varieties When the economic value of the fruits of the main and pollinated varieties is similar, the same amount of line configuration can be adopted, otherwise the difference of line configuration is implemented, and the planting ratio of the main and pollinated varieties is (4 ~ 5): 1, 3 to 5 varieties are planted in the same orchard.
3. Flowering period management (1) Spraying fertilizer and replenishing: spraying 0.3% borax (acid) plus 0.1% urea plus 1% sugar (honey is best) mixed liquid at the first flowering and full flowering periods to increase nutrition and promote pollination and fruit setting
(2) Pollination by placing bees: Place a box of bees at an interval of 500m in the orchard 1 to 2 days before flowering, which can satisfy (5 to 10) × 667m2 orchard pollination. Xiongfeng, concave-lip wall bee and horn-front wall bee can also be introduced for pollination.
(3) Artificial pollination: collect pollen after inflorescence separation combined with bud thinning, and then perform artificial spot pollination or mechanical dusting on the morning of the bloom.

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