Artificial breeding and breeding techniques of variegated abalone (1)
2024-09-21 04:00:30
A biological characteristic: (1) shells: thick, ear-like, spiral small and low, located in the right rear of the shell. The body spirals and shells are extremely large, with a row of small, spiraling protrusions. The protrusion on the edge of the proximal spiral is an open hole, called the shell hole. There are 4-5 openings in discus abalone and 7-9 openings in variegated abalone, so it is also known as nine abalone. The shell surface is usually greenish brown or auburn, and the growth pattern is obvious. The inside of the shell is silver-white and has a pearly luster. (2) Foot: Large and flat, located in the abdomen of the body, almost equal to the shell mouth. The foot is divided into the upper foot and the lower foot. Underfoot disc shape, a wide range of cane surface, suitable for picking and adsorption of rocks. There are many tentacles on the periphery of the upper foot and it feels sensitive. There is a large muscle column in the center of the back of the foot, which is the right shell muscle and is connected to the shell. (3) Head: Located at the front of the body, with a slender antennae on each side of the back. At the base of the tentacles there is a pair of eye stems, eyes born at its top. There is a lobate between the two antennae, called the head blade. There is a well-developed kiss on the ventral surface of the head blade, and there is a mouth on the kiss. (4) Mantle: It is a film coated on the back of the body that is rich in feel and stretchability. At the hole of the shell, three coat tentacles were born, and the mantle created cracks here, forming left and right coat front leaves. Because there are two feather-like claudications between the front leaves of the two coats, the coat cavity or breathing cavity is called. (5) The visceral mass: At the back of the soft body, behind the right pars flesh. The dark green part is digestive glands. During the reproductive season, the gonads coat the surface of the digestive glands. Ecological distribution: (1) Inhabiting environment: Bao is a coastal reef-type organism. From its natural distribution, it can clearly reflect Bao's dependence on the environment. The geographical distribution of Haliotis discus hannai in Liaoning Province is mainly southeast of the Liaodong Peninsula and the Changshan Islands. If there is a straight line from the west to the east, from Lushungang to Shazhu of Xiaochangshan in Changhai County, this line is exactly the north limit of Bao’s distribution. From the perspective of local distribution, the abalone in Xiaoshanshan Island only inhabits the southeastern coastal zone, bypassing the rocky reef bottom west of the sand dome in the Shajianjian, and there is no abalone distribution. Similarly, in the Gushan Peninsula of Jin County, Bao only inhabits the southern tip of the peninsula. It can be seen that Bao’s distribution is closely related to the environment. According to the hydrological survey of the whelk abalone habitat, Bao's habitat has the following characteristics: 1 Flow is smooth, water quality is clarified, transparency is generally more than 5 meters; 2 it is far from the estuary, there is no large amount of freshwater injection, seawater salinity is not less than 25 ‰; 3 winter sea water does not freeze, no water in spring. Hovering crab abalone is less common in water depths of more than 20 meters. It is usually 2–10 meters in length, and young abalone live in the depth of 1-3 meters near the shore. The reef constitutes one of the important environmental conditions of the habitat. The types of abalone are different, and the choice of rocks varies. H. discus hannai is rare on the surface of plate reefs, and it is often crowded in caves on large rocky reef walls and reef seams. (2) The activity of Haliotis discus hannai has obvious seasonal changes, that is, it moves vertically with the seasonal change of water temperature in the natural sea area. Every November, it moves from shallow water to a deep water area of ​​about 10 meters, and likes to live in the sunny winter camp on the reef. In April of the following year, it moved from the deep water area to shallow water near the shore. Most of the activity from June to July was at a depth of 1-2 meters. (3) Ingestion: There was a clear seasonal change in the intake of Haliotis discus hannai. There are two feeding peaks in the year: the first peak is from mid-April to mid-June, the water temperature is 8-20 °C, and the second peak is from mid-October to mid-November, and the water temperature is 15-8 °C. Little food is taken during the breeding season. (4) Breeding: The spawning period of Japanese whelk abalone is September, and the water temperature is about 20°C. The spawning season of Dalian coastal whelks is the highest in mid-August and the water temperature is about 23°C. The diameter of the yolk of the discus abalone is about 180 microns, and the bandage of the egg membrane is 220 microns. The length of the spermatozoa of Haliotis discus hannai is approximately 60 microns. (5) Growth: The characterization of abalone is strong and the range of movement is narrow. Therefore, the influence of the small environment on the growth of abalone is very great, and the growth difference between regions is very obvious. The fourth-instar whelk abalone in Okushima, Hokkaido, Japan has a shell length of only 5.4 cm, while it is 8.4 cm in Miyagawa-cho in Miyagi Prefecture and 9.7 cm in Ibaraki Prefecture. The ingestion and growth of Haliotis discus hannai are closely related to the water temperature. When the water temperature is below 7°C, the food intake is significantly reduced and there is little activity. At the water temperature of 10.9°C, the daily feeding rate was 7.5% with Wakame, and 17.6% at 20.3°C. The monthly increase rates were 12.8% and 32.1%, respectively. Its optimum temperature for growth is 15-20 °C. In winter, when the water temperature is lower than 7°C, the food intake is significantly decreased, and when the water temperature is lower than 3°C, the food intake is basically stopped. Third, the broodstock selection and cultivation of species selection: Due to the existence of individual differences in the development of abalone gonads, so the choice of maturity should be selected. The criteria for mature individuals are generally the bulging of the horns, fullness of the gonads, and large coverage. The female gonads of mature females were dark green and males were light yellow. Dryness and Stimulation: The abalone is dried at room temperature for about 1 hour before entering the ultraviolet rays. When dry, place your feet up and apply a clean layer of moist gauze. Oviposition operation: males and females should be separated, ie one or more eggs should be placed in an egg collection tank. After the male and female are separately placed in the ovulation tank, they can inject ultraviolet-irradiated seawater and try not to be alarmed. Within 1 hour after the species of abalone entered seawater, most individuals were unable to lay eggs except for a few. In this case, you should replace the UV rays with seawater. Not long after changing the water, the abalone can be spawned in large numbers. In most cases, the incubation period for male spawning is shorter than female spawning. Therefore, the induction time of male abalone can be set to be later than half an hour to one hour for female in order to ensure adequate vitality during artificial insemination. IV oxytocin artificial insemination: 1 sperm and eggs discharged into the sea, with the time falling fertilization ability. After 1 hour at a water temperature of 22°C, the egg fertilization ability was significantly reduced after a water temperature of 17°C for 3 hours. Therefore, when the water temperature is above 20°C, artificial insemination must be completed within one hour of egg production.
2 Sperm Amount and Insemination Methods: Tests have shown that the fertilization rate is higher when more than 1500 spermatozoa per ml or more than 300,000 sperms per ml are used per egg, but when each egg has more than 60,000 spermatozoa or sperm in water Density exceeds the amount of careful attention to mastering finesse. In addition, spermatozoa used for insemination should preferably be a mixture of semen with more than two male abalones in order to increase sperm viability. When insemination, it is best to quantify the number of eggs and semen density, and then proceed according to the above-mentioned requirements. However, in the production of eggs, quantitative work is often too late to carry out, so generally more side-by-side spawning plus semen. The advantage is that timely fertilization can improve female egg production spawning activity, as long as the amount of fine mastery of the mastery, the effect is also very good. V. Incubation (1) Container: In order to facilitate the operation and management, the volume of the container should not be too large, so the hatching tank is generally used for hatching. (2) Abalone The artificial incubation of fertilized eggs requires knowledge of the following key techniques: Abalone is a sinking egg. After fertilization, excess sperm must be washed out. Wash eggs once every 40 minutes, until the eggs around the eggs are washed. The method of egg washing is: when 40 minutes later, the egg has been completely sunk into the bottom of the trough, and the clear water is drained, and the water is added again. Then hatch. (3) The key technologies for hatching are: 1 Incubation water temperature 20°C, incubation density 10-15/ml; 2 Full-time water change 2 or 3 times; 3 Indoor light control below 500 lux; 4 Keep room temperature constant, Do not raise or lower the temperature of the hatching water; 5 Select the floating larvae in time and discard the bottom of the tank; 6 Do not feed bait during the entire incubation period; 7 At 20°C, after 30 hours, the larvae can develop to The flood season. (4) Incubation density: Available in two ways: volume and area. Tests have shown that under static water conditions, the density change has no effect on the hatching rate at the initial face plate larval stage when there are 50 or less per milliliter or less than 800 bases per square centimeter. In large-scale production, it is preferable to use 15 to 20 or 400 to 500 per square centimeter per milliliter. Six, seed transportation and transportation methods usually have two kinds of water transport and dry transport. Water transport is further divided into live water transport and oxygenated transport. Living water is suitable for long-distance transport at sea. During transportation, the stripped childish abalones are packaged in a plastic window screening mesh bag. Usually a net bag 40 centimeters long and 50 centimeters wide can hold 6000-8000 juvenile abalones. At the time of shipment, the mesh bag is placed in a canvas sink or glass steel tank, which can contain approximately 50,000 juvenile abalone per cubic meter. Fresh seawater is replaced every hour on the way. With oxygenated water transport, the juvenile abalone is put into a polyethylene bag, and a certain amount of seawater is filled in the bag and filled with oxygen. The method can safely last 30-50 hours at a water temperature of 17-20°C. The key to dry transport is to grasp the relationship between Bao’s survival time in the air and water temperature. Tests showed that Haliotis discus hannai tolerates dry dew for 140 hours at an air temperature of 6°C, but it drops to 35 hours at 21°C and only 16 hours at 27°C. Maintaining a proper low temperature is therefore essential for long-distance transport. . At high temperatures during the summer, long-distance transport of hatchlings with a shell length of about 10 millimetres is very dangerous, and necessary measures must be taken. In the foamed plastic box, the juvenile abalones can be layered between the damp seaweeds, and the seawater ice can be put into the upper layer so that the temperature inside the box is maintained below 10° C., so that the seedlings are transported for about 12 hours. The survival rate can reach more than 90%.
2 Sperm Amount and Insemination Methods: Tests have shown that the fertilization rate is higher when more than 1500 spermatozoa per ml or more than 300,000 sperms per ml are used per egg, but when each egg has more than 60,000 spermatozoa or sperm in water Density exceeds the amount of careful attention to mastering finesse. In addition, spermatozoa used for insemination should preferably be a mixture of semen with more than two male abalones in order to increase sperm viability. When insemination, it is best to quantify the number of eggs and semen density, and then proceed according to the above-mentioned requirements. However, in the production of eggs, quantitative work is often too late to carry out, so generally more side-by-side spawning plus semen. The advantage is that timely fertilization can improve female egg production spawning activity, as long as the amount of fine mastery of the mastery, the effect is also very good. V. Incubation (1) Container: In order to facilitate the operation and management, the volume of the container should not be too large, so the hatching tank is generally used for hatching. (2) Abalone The artificial incubation of fertilized eggs requires knowledge of the following key techniques: Abalone is a sinking egg. After fertilization, excess sperm must be washed out. Wash eggs once every 40 minutes, until the eggs around the eggs are washed. The method of egg washing is: when 40 minutes later, the egg has been completely sunk into the bottom of the trough, and the clear water is drained, and the water is added again. Then hatch. (3) The key technologies for hatching are: 1 Incubation water temperature 20°C, incubation density 10-15/ml; 2 Full-time water change 2 or 3 times; 3 Indoor light control below 500 lux; 4 Keep room temperature constant, Do not raise or lower the temperature of the hatching water; 5 Select the floating larvae in time and discard the bottom of the tank; 6 Do not feed bait during the entire incubation period; 7 At 20°C, after 30 hours, the larvae can develop to The flood season. (4) Incubation density: Available in two ways: volume and area. Tests have shown that under static water conditions, the density change has no effect on the hatching rate at the initial face plate larval stage when there are 50 or less per milliliter or less than 800 bases per square centimeter. In large-scale production, it is preferable to use 15 to 20 or 400 to 500 per square centimeter per milliliter. Six, seed transportation and transportation methods usually have two kinds of water transport and dry transport. Water transport is further divided into live water transport and oxygenated transport. Living water is suitable for long-distance transport at sea. During transportation, the stripped childish abalones are packaged in a plastic window screening mesh bag. Usually a net bag 40 centimeters long and 50 centimeters wide can hold 6000-8000 juvenile abalones. At the time of shipment, the mesh bag is placed in a canvas sink or glass steel tank, which can contain approximately 50,000 juvenile abalone per cubic meter. Fresh seawater is replaced every hour on the way. With oxygenated water transport, the juvenile abalone is put into a polyethylene bag, and a certain amount of seawater is filled in the bag and filled with oxygen. The method can safely last 30-50 hours at a water temperature of 17-20°C. The key to dry transport is to grasp the relationship between Bao’s survival time in the air and water temperature. Tests showed that Haliotis discus hannai tolerates dry dew for 140 hours at an air temperature of 6°C, but it drops to 35 hours at 21°C and only 16 hours at 27°C. Maintaining a proper low temperature is therefore essential for long-distance transport. . At high temperatures during the summer, long-distance transport of hatchlings with a shell length of about 10 millimetres is very dangerous, and necessary measures must be taken. In the foamed plastic box, the juvenile abalones can be layered between the damp seaweeds, and the seawater ice can be put into the upper layer so that the temperature inside the box is maintained below 10° C., so that the seedlings are transported for about 12 hours. The survival rate can reach more than 90%.
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