Farmers raising dairy cows

(1) It is very important to choose dairy cow varieties because the milk production ability of dairy cows of different breeds and different individuals is different. The most widely used breed currently used is Holstein cows, commonly known as "black-and-white cows." Under good husbandry and management conditions, it can produce milk of 5,000 to 7,000 kilograms per year, and up to 10,000 kilograms for the highest. In addition to black-and-white dairy cows, in China, there are also Danish Red Bull and Simmental cattle. Milk production capacity is also good, but the population is small. After choosing a good variety, we must also choose individuals, generally choose from the appearance, good cows require individual tall, angular, clear appearance, long trunk, back waist does not collapse, chest and abdomen width, abdominal circumference is not large Drooping, strong legs and feet, well-developed breasts, good adhesion, deep wells, well-proportioned four-milk areas, moderate nipple length, no deputy nipples, and soft breasts during dry period. During the lactation period, the breast surface veins are required to be thick and curved, and the whole body is plump without sagging. Conditions should also examine the mother's milk performance and father's quality. (b) Provide sufficient fodder before stocking enough grass to purchase cows. The dairy cow diet consists of three main components, namely green fodder, roughage fodder and concentrate fodder. (1) Green feed refers to all kinds of pasture, green straw and silage. Due to the large food intake of dairy cows, planting of pastures is not easy to supply all year round, and the seasonality of green straw is also very strong. Therefore, it is best to make silage. The method for making silage is to dig a silo first, round or rectangular, surrounded by bricks, and then wiped with cement. The bottom and corners are rounded to facilitate compaction of the storage material. More than 20 cm out of the ground to prevent the inflow of rainwater. It is best to prepare two pits for professional households and use them alternately. After the silo is prepared, various pastures and straws can be shortened and filled with 65% to 70% moisture content. After being packed, they are tightly sealed to ensure airtightness. After 1 month in the fall and 2 months in the winter, they can be used for feeding. When feeding, care should be taken to add from little to large, how much to feed each day, and remove the plastic sheet after removal. (2) Roughage refers to all kinds of hay and straw. Because the nutritive value of hay is higher than that of straw, there should be conditions where more hay should be dried in summer and autumn. (3) The concentrate feed can be purchased directly from the mixed feed, or it can be prepared by itself, that is, the energy feed (corn, wheat bran, etc.) accounts for 70% to 75%, the bread cake (beancake, soybean meal, rapeseed cake, etc.) accounts for 20 %, other minerals, salts, additives, etc. account for 5% to 10%. In general, every adult dairy cow needs 9,000 kg of green feed, 1,000 kg of roughage, and 2000 kg of concentrate feed each year. (C) Elaborate feeding If the rearing management cannot keep up, even the best dairy cows will not have a high milk yield, so careful feeding is also crucial. The cowhouse lighting conditions are better and are cleaned daily. The sun shines outdoors in the winter and in the summer when it is cold. Green fodder is adequately supplied, and it is better to eat without food; coarse fodder is used as a collocation, and a small amount is added; concentrate feed is generally calculated according to milk yield; high-yielding dairy cows feed 3 kg of milk each time and feed 1 kg of fine material; Feed moldy feed, do not drink ice water or dirty water. When milk is produced for about 10 months, it is necessary to gradually dry milk, because the fetus has been developed to about 7 months, the cows consume a lot, dry milk is conducive to the rest and adjustment of the cows, to prepare for the next lactation period. There are two ways to dry milk, one is to gradually dry milk method, that is to reduce the number of milking from 3 times a day to 1 day, after every other day, the feed gradually changed, with little or no feed concentrate, limit drinking water , Strengthen the exercise, stop the milking when the milk production rate drops to 4 kg, and gradually dry the milk in 2 weeks; Another method is to dry the milk quickly, that is, suddenly change the feed, the specific method is to reduce the fine material, control the green material Drink water, enhance exercise, milk once a day, then every other day, dry cows within 1 week. (4) Correct milking The correct milking method and reasonable number of milkings are effective means to obtain high yields. Improper milking methods not only reduce milk production, but also damage the cow's udder and cause diseases such as mastitis. occur. Milking is started on the day the cows are delivered. Milking is performed 3 times a day. Breasts are massaged before each milking. Only 2 kg are squeezed on the 1st day, 1/3 on the 2nd day, and 1/3 on the 3rd day. 2, can be squeezed regularly afterwards. Special attention is to not squeeze the milk in the breast on the first day, otherwise it will easily lead to postpartum paralysis. Before hand-milking, nails, hands, hands and nipples should be held separately, and the milk should be evenly and quickly milked. The milk of each cow should be squeezed within 6 to 10 minutes. Manual milking costs less, but it takes time and effort. Professional households are better equipped with milking machines. Milking with machines not only saves time and effort, but also greatly reduces the chances of milk contamination. (5) Pay attention to the fact that healthy milk is directly consumed or used for deep processing. Therefore, it must be ensured that the milk is clean and hygienic, and cannot be mixed with dirt or adulterated. Every time before milking and after milking, clean the milk barrel and the milking machine. The cow's hindquarters should be brushed and the breasts should be scrubbed. The first milk should be discarded and not squeezed. The lids are sold as soon as possible or sent to the acquisition station. During cows suffering from mastitis or certain medications, it should be noted that the milk can not be used for drinking because some residual drugs can enter the milk and affect the quality of the milk. China Agricultural Network Editor

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