Healing new technology: scientists "change" new skin at the wound
Healing new technology: scientists "change" new skin at the wound
September 27, 2018 Source: Ministry of Science and Technology
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Epithelial cell skin tissue is produced in large area ulcers by converting one cell type (red: mesenchymal cells) to another (green: basal keratinocytes) in a laboratory mouse model. Image source: Salk Institute
It is well known that large areas of skin wounds, including those caused by chronic diseases such as severe burns, acne or diabetes, can cause great pain to the patient and sometimes even life-threatening. When the surface of the skin ruptures, the epithelial cells that make up the outer layer of the skin migrate to the wound in an effort to repair the wound and seal the wound, but this healing process becomes very difficult in larger wounds, especially for the elderly. Words.
Recently, scientists from the Salk Institute in the United States have developed a new technology that will enable plastic surgery to repair large areas of skin wounds in the future. The new technology reprograms cells into a stem-like state, allowing cells from open wounds to be directly transformed into new skin cells. It can be used to heal skin damage and fight aging and help us better understand skin cancer. The research results have recently been published in the journal Nature.
Professor Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, a research author at the Salk Institute, said: "Our observations have initially demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo regeneration of intact three-dimensional tissues (such as skin), not just the regeneration of individual cell types as in previous studies. Knowledge not only helps develop strategies to strengthen skin repair, but it can also be used to guide the regenerative treatment of other human pathological phenomena, such as damage to tissue repair caused by aging."
Skin ulcers usually require surgery to transplant existing skin to the wound. However, when the ulcer area is too large, it is difficult for the surgeon to find enough skin. In this case, the researchers will isolate the skin stem cells from the patient and culture them in the experiment before transplanting them back into the patient. However, this method takes a lot of time and may even expose the patient to life and sometimes has no effect.
Masakazu Kurita, an assistant researcher at the Izpisua Belmonte and Salk Institute with an orthopedic background, is well aware that the key step in wound healing is the migration or transplantation of basal keratinocytes into the wound. These stem cell-like cells act as precursors for different types of skin cells. However, large areas of severe wounds that lose multiple layers of skin no longer have any basal keratinocytes. Even when these wounds heal, the cells that are propagated in this area are mainly involved in wound closure and inflammation, rather than the reconstruction of healthy skin.
Izpisua Belmonte and Kurita hope to convert other cells directly into basal keratinocytes without removing them from the body. Kurita said: "We have started to produce skin where there is no skin."
The researchers first compared the various protein levels of two cell types (inflammatory cells and keratinocytes) to figure out how they needed to reprogram cell characteristics. They screened 55 "reprogramming factors (protein and RNA molecules)" that are likely to be involved in defining the properties of basal keratinocytes. Then, through trials, trial and error, and further experiments on each of the potential reprogramming factors, they eventually narrowed the list to four transcription factors that mediate transformation of basal keratinocytes.
When the research team used these four factors to locally treat skin ulcers in mice, the affected area developed healthy skin (epithelial cells) within 18 days. Over time, epithelial cells expand and connect with the surrounding skin, even for large areas of ulceration. After 3 to 6 months, newly generated cells behave identically to healthy skin cells in a series of molecular genetic and cellular assays.
Image source: "Nature"
Researchers are planning more experiments to optimize the technology and begin testing on other ulcer models.
“Before clinical application, we must do more research on the long-term safety of this new technology and increase efficiency as much as possible,†Kurita said.
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