Platycodon grandiflorum seed propagation technology
2019-10-09 06:05:34
1. Seed breeding
1.1 Selected seeds
The main cultivars of purple platycodon grandiflora were used, but also with white flower platycodon grandiflorum, which was genetically stable and yielded high, but the amino acid content and hemolysis were lower than those of purple flower platycodon. The pharmacological properties of the two saponins of the Campanulaceae are the same. For the purpose of medicinal use, the selection of the purple flower platycodon grandiflorum, and the use of the white flower platycodon grandiflorum for the purpose of food processing. Plants are generally selected by selecting the seed, and the robust growth-free, disease-free pests of the second year are selected as the system-selected seed strains. According to the characteristics of P. grandiflora fruit ripening from top to bottom. In the first half of June, the remaining strains were cut off from the upper branch and the uppermost part to concentrate nutrients to promote flowering in the middle and upper parts, and the fruit was fully developed and matured. When the fruit is yellow-green and the seeds become dark, they are harvested in time to prevent the pods from splitting and spreading. After harvesting, the seeds are sun dried, threshed, sieved to remove impurities, dried and stored at low temperature, which can extend the life of the seeds (the seeds at the room temperature are easy to lose their vitality, and the lifespan is only 1 year). Generally introduced from high temperature plains or low latitudes to high latitudes or high mountain cultivation, the increase in root yield is greatly enhanced.
1.2 Seed treatment methods
Seeds soaked with warm water for 24 h before sowing, or soaked with 0.3% potassium permanganate for 12 h, can also be treated with ultrasonic waves, which can significantly increase the seed germination rate. The treated seeds germinated to a dew of 25.5%.
2, cultivation techniques
2.1 Selection of land and site preparation
Campanulaceae is a deep-rooted perennial crop. It enjoys a sunny, cool and moist environment. It is resistant to cold, water, and wind. Choose Hirakawa Hills with an altitude of 450--1500m and choose mountainous areas to shelter from the wind, sunny soil, sandy soil with fertile soil, or silt soil with high humus content. The soil that is too loose and dry or yellow knotted is not easy to grow, and the root is bifurcated. In the selected plots, deep plowing about 35cm, combined with the application of base fertilizer, can be applied to farmyard manure 60,000 - 75,000 kg / hectare, breaking the soil, flat, after the width of 1.3 - 1.7m flat. Areas with more rainwater and convenient irrigation can also be used as stilts, with a width of 1.5m, a height of 15--20cm, and a furrow of 15--20m.
2.2 Sowing
The Platycodon grandiflorum can be sown in the spring, summer and autumn seasons. It is best to broadcast in late autumn from late October to early November. The seedlings emerged in the year after sowing. The growth period was long, and the rate and root thickness were significantly higher than that in spring sowing. In the northern region, wheat can be harvested and sowed in summer. The land use rate is high, and seeds are easily germinated and sprouted. It is worth advocating. Live broadcasts are generally used. Nursery transplants are not recommended because live broadcast production is higher than transplanting, and root quality is significantly better than transplanting. When the drill is drilled, the horizontal groove is set at a distance of 15--20cm, and the depth is 5--7cm. The sowing footage is about 10cm. When the hole is sowed, a hole is drilled every 8-10cm and the seed is spread. Cover fire ash or fine soil after sowing. Seeding seeds 8.5--11.5kg/ha, seed sowing seeds 4.5--5.5kg/ha.
2.3 Dingmiao and Miao Miao
When the seedling height 2cm Dingmiao. When the seedlings were seeded, a strong seedling was kept at 8-10 cm from seedling spacing; 2 seedlings were planted at intervals of 6 cm per hole. Supplementing seedlings and seedlings are carried out at the same time. For ridges or holes that lack seedlings, it is easy to survive with soil supplementation.
2.4 Top dressing and weeding
The first weeding was carried out during the period of thinning, with the first seedlings, the second weeding, and the superphosphate 150.0 kg/ha. In the seeding ditch or hole, the light human urine excrement water was 12,000 kg/ha. Seed cover fine soil. The second fertilization was carried out at 60 days after the first topdressing, applying 25,000 kg/ha of farmland fertilizer and 18,000 kg/ha of human and animal manure, and applied it to the hole to remove the soil. The third topdressing in the second year spring seedling height 6 - 7cm and before flowering, the topdressing manure urine 23000kg/ha and urea 75.0 - 105.0kg/ha, and weeding.
2.5 buds and picking flowers
The flowering period of the bellflower is longer, and the growth and development of the flower and fruit consume a lot of nutrients. Shooting buds is a measure to increase production. In addition to the selected seed plants, spray concentration of 0.1% ethephon at flowering stage and flowering stage can basically achieve the purpose of flower removal. In order to promote the growth of the main root, branch shoots must be destroyed. Only 1–2 main shoots should be left per plant, and the rest should be taken out and eaten.
2.6 Pest Control
2.6.1 Root nematode disease
When it is compromised, the roots have diseased protuberances, and the stems and leaves on the ground are premature. Control methods: Apply 1500kg/ha of tea seed cake fertilizer as base fertilizer to reduce the hazards. Disinfect the soil with lime nitrogen or dibromochloropropane before sowing.
2.6.2 purple feather disease
The damage was severe in mid-September and the root rotted in October. The red roots of the affected roots became red at the beginning, and the red-brown mycelium was densely covered with sclerotia. The mung bean-size purple sclerotia were formed later, and the stems and leaves withered and died. Control methods: Do not continue cropping, implement rotation crops; remove diseased plants, sick hole irrigation 5% lime water disinfection.
2.6.3 Anthrax
During July-August, when it is hot and humid, the disease is easy to spread and spread quickly. Plants fall into lodging and fall down. The main damage is the base of the stem, brown spots appear at the base of the stem, and it gradually expands to the periphery of the stem. The diseased part of the late stage shrinks and the plants fall down. Control method: Before the seedlings are excavated, spray with 20% Tuzet WP 500 times solution to prevent the disease. At the beginning of the disease, spray 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture or 50% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 times, spray 1 every 10 days. Times, continuous spray 3--4 times.
2.6.4 Ringworm and Spot Blight
Hazardous leaves, sprayed 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture or 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times in the initial stage, and sprayed for 2 to 3 times continuously.
2.6.5 A
Harmful to the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, it can be sprayed in the adult mating period of May-April and the larval period of May-June, with 90% trichlorfon 800 times or 50% phoxim EC 1000 times.
3, harvesting, processing
The seeds can be excavated after sowing seeds for two years or transplanting in October of the year. Harvesting affects yield too early, too late root bark is difficult to scratch, and not easy to dry. Dig out the whole roots, first wash the roots and then dip them in water, or scrape the rough skin, wash, dry, or dry with anthracite. General production of dry goods 6000kg/ha.
1.1 Selected seeds
The main cultivars of purple platycodon grandiflora were used, but also with white flower platycodon grandiflorum, which was genetically stable and yielded high, but the amino acid content and hemolysis were lower than those of purple flower platycodon. The pharmacological properties of the two saponins of the Campanulaceae are the same. For the purpose of medicinal use, the selection of the purple flower platycodon grandiflorum, and the use of the white flower platycodon grandiflorum for the purpose of food processing. Plants are generally selected by selecting the seed, and the robust growth-free, disease-free pests of the second year are selected as the system-selected seed strains. According to the characteristics of P. grandiflora fruit ripening from top to bottom. In the first half of June, the remaining strains were cut off from the upper branch and the uppermost part to concentrate nutrients to promote flowering in the middle and upper parts, and the fruit was fully developed and matured. When the fruit is yellow-green and the seeds become dark, they are harvested in time to prevent the pods from splitting and spreading. After harvesting, the seeds are sun dried, threshed, sieved to remove impurities, dried and stored at low temperature, which can extend the life of the seeds (the seeds at the room temperature are easy to lose their vitality, and the lifespan is only 1 year). Generally introduced from high temperature plains or low latitudes to high latitudes or high mountain cultivation, the increase in root yield is greatly enhanced.
1.2 Seed treatment methods
Seeds soaked with warm water for 24 h before sowing, or soaked with 0.3% potassium permanganate for 12 h, can also be treated with ultrasonic waves, which can significantly increase the seed germination rate. The treated seeds germinated to a dew of 25.5%.
2, cultivation techniques
2.1 Selection of land and site preparation
Campanulaceae is a deep-rooted perennial crop. It enjoys a sunny, cool and moist environment. It is resistant to cold, water, and wind. Choose Hirakawa Hills with an altitude of 450--1500m and choose mountainous areas to shelter from the wind, sunny soil, sandy soil with fertile soil, or silt soil with high humus content. The soil that is too loose and dry or yellow knotted is not easy to grow, and the root is bifurcated. In the selected plots, deep plowing about 35cm, combined with the application of base fertilizer, can be applied to farmyard manure 60,000 - 75,000 kg / hectare, breaking the soil, flat, after the width of 1.3 - 1.7m flat. Areas with more rainwater and convenient irrigation can also be used as stilts, with a width of 1.5m, a height of 15--20cm, and a furrow of 15--20m.
2.2 Sowing
The Platycodon grandiflorum can be sown in the spring, summer and autumn seasons. It is best to broadcast in late autumn from late October to early November. The seedlings emerged in the year after sowing. The growth period was long, and the rate and root thickness were significantly higher than that in spring sowing. In the northern region, wheat can be harvested and sowed in summer. The land use rate is high, and seeds are easily germinated and sprouted. It is worth advocating. Live broadcasts are generally used. Nursery transplants are not recommended because live broadcast production is higher than transplanting, and root quality is significantly better than transplanting. When the drill is drilled, the horizontal groove is set at a distance of 15--20cm, and the depth is 5--7cm. The sowing footage is about 10cm. When the hole is sowed, a hole is drilled every 8-10cm and the seed is spread. Cover fire ash or fine soil after sowing. Seeding seeds 8.5--11.5kg/ha, seed sowing seeds 4.5--5.5kg/ha.
2.3 Dingmiao and Miao Miao
When the seedling height 2cm Dingmiao. When the seedlings were seeded, a strong seedling was kept at 8-10 cm from seedling spacing; 2 seedlings were planted at intervals of 6 cm per hole. Supplementing seedlings and seedlings are carried out at the same time. For ridges or holes that lack seedlings, it is easy to survive with soil supplementation.
2.4 Top dressing and weeding
The first weeding was carried out during the period of thinning, with the first seedlings, the second weeding, and the superphosphate 150.0 kg/ha. In the seeding ditch or hole, the light human urine excrement water was 12,000 kg/ha. Seed cover fine soil. The second fertilization was carried out at 60 days after the first topdressing, applying 25,000 kg/ha of farmland fertilizer and 18,000 kg/ha of human and animal manure, and applied it to the hole to remove the soil. The third topdressing in the second year spring seedling height 6 - 7cm and before flowering, the topdressing manure urine 23000kg/ha and urea 75.0 - 105.0kg/ha, and weeding.
2.5 buds and picking flowers
The flowering period of the bellflower is longer, and the growth and development of the flower and fruit consume a lot of nutrients. Shooting buds is a measure to increase production. In addition to the selected seed plants, spray concentration of 0.1% ethephon at flowering stage and flowering stage can basically achieve the purpose of flower removal. In order to promote the growth of the main root, branch shoots must be destroyed. Only 1–2 main shoots should be left per plant, and the rest should be taken out and eaten.
2.6 Pest Control
2.6.1 Root nematode disease
When it is compromised, the roots have diseased protuberances, and the stems and leaves on the ground are premature. Control methods: Apply 1500kg/ha of tea seed cake fertilizer as base fertilizer to reduce the hazards. Disinfect the soil with lime nitrogen or dibromochloropropane before sowing.
2.6.2 purple feather disease
The damage was severe in mid-September and the root rotted in October. The red roots of the affected roots became red at the beginning, and the red-brown mycelium was densely covered with sclerotia. The mung bean-size purple sclerotia were formed later, and the stems and leaves withered and died. Control methods: Do not continue cropping, implement rotation crops; remove diseased plants, sick hole irrigation 5% lime water disinfection.
2.6.3 Anthrax
During July-August, when it is hot and humid, the disease is easy to spread and spread quickly. Plants fall into lodging and fall down. The main damage is the base of the stem, brown spots appear at the base of the stem, and it gradually expands to the periphery of the stem. The diseased part of the late stage shrinks and the plants fall down. Control method: Before the seedlings are excavated, spray with 20% Tuzet WP 500 times solution to prevent the disease. At the beginning of the disease, spray 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture or 50% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 times, spray 1 every 10 days. Times, continuous spray 3--4 times.
2.6.4 Ringworm and Spot Blight
Hazardous leaves, sprayed 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture or 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times in the initial stage, and sprayed for 2 to 3 times continuously.
2.6.5 A
Harmful to the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, it can be sprayed in the adult mating period of May-April and the larval period of May-June, with 90% trichlorfon 800 times or 50% phoxim EC 1000 times.
3, harvesting, processing
The seeds can be excavated after sowing seeds for two years or transplanting in October of the year. Harvesting affects yield too early, too late root bark is difficult to scratch, and not easy to dry. Dig out the whole roots, first wash the roots and then dip them in water, or scrape the rough skin, wash, dry, or dry with anthracite. General production of dry goods 6000kg/ha.
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