Symptom map of trace elements in the absence and over-application of fertilization
In the past few years, trace elements in agriculture have become more and more recognized in the global micro-elements. The application of trace elements in crops to supplement crops has become a necessary measure to solve crop deficiency. At present, there are 16 essential mineral elements found in crops. Although trace elements are required in small amounts, the lack of any trace elements can significantly affect the growth and development of plants. For example, iron deficiency can lead to yellow leaf disease of fruits, and manganese deficiency leads to yellow spots. Symptoms, lack of boron flowers and false, zinc deficiency leads to corn "flower leaf disease" and fruit tree "lobular disease".
Trace element deficiency occurs in agricultural production and requires the addition of trace elements to restore the health of the crop. However, when supplementing crops with trace element fertilizers, special attention should be paid to the amount of application and application techniques, and the use of mistakes or excessive use may affect the yield and quality of crops;
There are also some trace elements, which have little effect on the growth of plants, but they enter the human body through the food chain, causing poisoning. Therefore, while we understand the lack of symptoms of trace elements, we must also pay attention to the harm of the application of micro and medium elements, crops and human body when applied excessively.
Zinc: What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
Zinc is the absolute protagonist of the global agricultural micronutrient market. In 2012, it reached 340,000 tons, accounting for 35% of the market share. It has continuously raised the awareness of zinc on the importance of crop production and promoted the production and use of zinc fertilizer in China. Demand will increase to 260,000 tons.
Zinc is involved in the catalysis of most proteins. At the same time, zinc-binding proteins play an indispensable role in biological systems, such as maintaining structural integrity of biofilms, promoting protein synthesis and gene expression. If the effective zinc content is insufficient, the growth and development process of the crop will be seriously impaired, significantly reducing the quality of dry matter and grain yield; affecting the quality and nutritional value of agricultural products;
It is susceptible to environmental stress such as disease and drought. Zinc affects the formation of auxin, so zinc deficiency leads to short plants, short internodes, leaf expansion and elongation are blocked, leaflets appear, and leaf margins often appear to be distorted and wrinkled. The mid-vein proximity first emerges between the veins, and may develop into brown spots and tissue necrosis. Usually the symptoms are first manifested in the new tissue. For example, the new leaves are grayish green or yellowish white, the growth and development are delayed, the fruit is small, and the roots are poorly grown.
What are the symptoms of zinc overdose?
However, if zinc fertilizer is applied in large quantities without measurement, plant zinc poisoning may occur, including inhibiting seed germination, damaging the ultrastructure of plant cells, seriously damaging internal physiological functions, thereby inhibiting plant photosynthetic efficiency, inhibiting plant growth and development, and The food chain threatens human health. From the morphological point of view, when the zinc is excessive, the plant is short, the leaves are yellow, and the leaves and petioles form reddish-brown spots, which can appear in each leaf position.
For example, some vegetables in the high zinc concentration of symptoms of poisoning first appeared in the top heart and new leaves, and some first appeared in the base of the old leaves or first appeared in the base of the stem. It is generally believed that when the zinc concentration of the crop reaches 50-100 mg/kg, it may be excessive. At a concentration of 400 mg/kg, it will cause toxicity to most crops and threaten human health through biomagnification of the food chain.
Compared with other heavy metal elements, zinc is less toxic and has a stronger zinc tolerance. The poisoning of zinc can be eliminated by lime or phosphorus application.
Boron: What are the symptoms of boron deficiency?
The second largest agricultural micronutrient element is boron. In 2012, boron accounted for 18.2% of the global agricultural trace element market. It is estimated that the global agricultural boron market will increase from 173,000 tons in 2012 to 231,100 tons in 2017. In Asia, boron consumption in 2012 was 10.20 million tons, and is expected to increase to 13900 tons in 2017. Boron is less mobile in crops, and the symptoms of boron deficiency are firstly blocked by the growth of new tissue, and the growth of root tip and shoot tip is blocked or stopped.
When the boron is severely deficient, the top bud stops growing, gradually withering and dying, the root system is underdeveloped, the leaf color is dark green, the leaf shape becomes small, hypertrophy, shrinkage, the stem brown heart rot or hollow, the flower development is not perfect, the bud is completely detached, and the flowering period is prolonged. , fruit, ears are not real, roots, berries heart rot or necrosis. When boron fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, it is mixed with 0.2~0.5 kg of boron fertilizer (borax or boric acid) per acre and mixed into the base fertilizer. The effect can be maintained for 3~5 years. Pay attention to uniform application to avoid toxic effects caused by excessive local concentration.
What are the symptoms of excessive boron?
Plants are very sensitive to the concentration of boron, and the concentration between boron deficiency, proper amount and poisoning is extremely small. Boron deficiency in production is more common than boron poisoning. Boron poisoning mainly has the following three reasons: the soil itself has high boron content or gradually accumulates in nature; excessive application of inorganic fertilizer with high boron content; irrigation of water with high boron content Boron enrichment occurs in the soil.
General symptoms of boric acid poisoning: First, the tip or leaf margin of the old leaf is chlorotic, followed by a yellow-brown necrotic spot on the tip or leaf edge. The spot spreads to the lateral vein and extends to the midrib, eventually leading to necrosis or wilt And fall off prematurely.
The mung bean showed chlorotic chlorosis, which rapidly spread to the lateral veins. The leaves were withered and prematurely shed; when the boron tree was poisoned, the lenticels were coarse, the bark was rough, and the branches were yellow and dull. Low-intensity boron poisoning will increase the level of active oxygen in the crop, destroy the structure of chlorophyll, inhibit the activity of antioxidant enzymes, damage the plant cell structure, and reduce biomass.
The tolerance of different plants to high boron is quite different, and the critical level of boron poisoning also varies greatly. In general, when the boron content in the soil exceeds 5 mg/kg, the plant may have symptoms of poisoning. Generally, the reasonable concentration of boron in the irrigation water is between 0.3 and 0.6 mg/L.
In the case of boric acid poisoning, the soil can be fully rinsed with water or other salt solution; the formation of a chelating compound with triisopropanolamine (TTPA) and boric acid reduces the effective boron; proper application of lime can also reduce boron toxicity.
Iron element
What are the symptoms of iron deficiency?
Iron deficiency is more common in northern China, especially in calcareous soil or soil with a relatively high pH, ​​especially salt soil. Because iron is an indispensable element in the formation of chlorophyll, iron deficiency makes iron difficult to reuse in plants. Therefore, the symptoms of iron deficiency mainly manifest as chlorosis at the top or young parts.
At the beginning of chlorosis, the veins remained green. With the increase of iron deficiency, the leaves changed from light green to grayish green. In some cases, brown freckles appeared in the leaves. In the case of severe iron deficiency, all the leaves are yellow, white or detached, and even the whole plant leaves are seen to fall off. The shoots are prone to death and the top of the plants is defeated.
Iron fertilizer can not be applied too much, too much will cause iron poisoning. Foliar application should be applied in small amounts. Since iron is quickly converted into insoluble compounds in calcareous soils, iron fertilizers should not be applied directly to the soil. Suitable for foliar application.
It is recommended that the fertilizer ratio of foliar spray is: 0.2-0.5% ferrous sulfate + 0.2-0.3% urea + dishwashing detergent (small amount). For the inconvenient spraying of fruit trees and other foliar surfaces, 0.75% of the ferrous sulfate solution can be slowly injected into the trunk, or the solid ferrous sulfate can be buried in the trunk, 1-2 grams per plant. Soybeans, sorghum, beets, spinach, tomatoes, apples, and peaches all require more iron-sensitive and sensitive crops. Organic fertilizers are rich in iron, and alkaline soils need to increase soil organic matter.
Symptoms of iron overdose?
The direct acting factor of iron toxicity is the excessive concentration of ferrous ions. Long-term waterlogged paddy fields and acidic soils tend to accumulate iron ions, induce the production of various reactive oxygen species, affect various physiological indicators such as plant growth, chlorophyll content, and enzyme activity, destroy the structure and function of plant cells, and cause iron poisoning.
In the acid-stained paddy fields in southern China, the toxicity of rice ferrous iron emerges. The symptoms are small brown freckles appearing in the lower leaves of rice. The freckles spread from the tip to the base, and the leaves are dark green, which is somewhat like potassium deficiency.
In severely toxic, the leaves are purple-brown or brown-yellow, and the roots are black or smashed. The application of proper amount of lime or gypsum in acid soil with severe iron toxicity can reduce iron toxicity and increase crop yield; proper phosphorus nutrition and calcium supply can also help to improve rice tolerance to iron toxicity.
Molybdenum: What are the symptoms of molybdenum deficiency?
Cruciferous vegetables in vegetables such as broccoli, radish, soybeans in legume crops, and tomatoes and cucumbers in fruits and vegetables are more sensitive to molybdenum reaction. The symptoms of molybdenum deficiency are mainly whip-like leaves, cup-shaped Leaves or yellow variegated leaves. Molybdenum in legumes is concentrated in Rhizobium, followed by seeds. In soybean plants, the molybdenum of the leaves was higher than that of the stems and petioles, and the molybdenum of the reproductive organs was higher than that of the vegetative organs, and the content of molybdenum in the seeds was the highest
Molybdenum has a good influence on the nitrogen fixation process and the growth and development of legumes. Molybdenum can promote the intensity of photosynthesis and promote the action of nitrate nitrogen. The lack of molybdenum in legumes leads to the lack of development of nodule, the number of effective branches and pods decreased, and the weight of 100-grain decreased. The deficiency of molybdenum in vegetables is characterized by short stature and susceptible to pests and diseases; young leaves are yellow-green, chlorosis is observed between veins, or old leaves become thick and waxy, and veins are swollen and curved downwards, such as the edge of tomato leaves Curl forms white spots and fades.
Therefore, molybdenum fertilizer (ammonium molybdate) can be sprayed 2 - 3 times in the crop seedling stage, bud stage and full flower stage, and the spraying amount per acre is about 80-150 kg. Soybean requires the largest amount of molybdenum from the maturity stage to the maturity stage, and appropriate foliar application can be carried out to increase the yield and quality of soybean.
What are the symptoms of excessive molybdenum?
Plants have a strong tolerance to high concentrations of molybdenum, and the difference between molybdenum deficiency (1 μg/L) and molybdenum poisoning is large. Plant molybdenum poisoning is rare in field conditions, and molybdenum poisoning symptoms are not easy to manifest. Under the condition of extremely high concentration of nickel, symptoms of plant molybdenum poisoning can be observed, which are characterized by leaf chlorosis, yellowing and malformation, golden yellow stem tissue, crop yield reduction and agricultural product quality decline.
Copper: What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?
The effect of copper on plants is similar to that of iron. The normal concentration of copper is 5-20 ppm. The symptoms of copper deficiency in various crops are different: yellow leaves and shrinkage of corn-deficient young leaves, with the increase of deficiency, the young leaves turn white and the stems and leaves age and die. In more serious cases, dead tissues appear along the tip and leaf margin.
Many vegetable crops lack copper and the leaves lose their swell pressure and do not appear blue, chlorotic, curly, or flowering. The application method of copper fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, generally 1-2 kg per mu; more is root dressing, generally 0.1-0.2% copper sulfate. Be sure to master the dosage during use and apply evenly.
What are the symptoms of copper overdose?
Excessive copper stress will induce a large amount of reactive oxygen species in plant cells, causing membrane lipid peroxidation, increased membrane permeability, massive extravasation of cell contents, and even plant death. High concentration of copper will reduce the germination rate of seeds, affect seed metabolism, and cause the color of young roots to turn brown and black. Accumulation of a large amount of copper in the roots inhibits cell division and inhibits root growth, thereby affecting the growth of the whole plant, making the plants short, the leaves are chlorotic and yellow, and the photosynthesis is reduced, which seriously affects the quality and yield of the crops.
Apple trees are often sprayed with insecticidal and insect-resistant high-copper Bordeaux mixture, which causes the apple orchard soil to contain high-dose copper. The copper poisoning symptoms of apples are net-like chlorosis, yellow or yellowish leaves, and the edges are brown and dry. Some of the leaves die.
The highest copper concentration that can be tolerated by different plants is not much different. The normal copper content of common plant leaves is 5~30 mg/kg, which may be poisoned above 30 mg/kg. The critical soil solution concentration for copper poisoning in rice seedlings was 35.1 mg/L. The application of calcareous fertilizers to control the pH of the soil and the application of phosphorus and iron fertilizers can effectively prevent copper poisoning.
Although the industry has reached a consensus on the application of medium-micro fertilizers, if you do not understand the application methods and techniques of these elements, the application of small amounts and excesses will have a serious impact on plants. Only the scientific application of micro-fertilizer can truly achieve high yield and stability.
Excessive manganese can cause necrosis of leaf transport tissue, and also inhibit the absorption of essential elements such as calcium and iron, affecting plant growth; excessive nickel inhibits seed germination, reduces chlorophyll content, affects antioxidant enzyme activity, causes plant metabolic disorders, poisoning even death;
Excessive chlorine will increase the osmotic pressure of water in the soil, reduce the water absorption capacity of the plant, reduce the relative water content of the plant, and reduce the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. In severe cases, the tip of the leaf is burning, and the old leaves and root tips die. Do you understand the symptoms of these poisoning? How to solve it?
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