Use of feed for pollution-free culture pond fish

With the continuous improvement of pond fish culture technology, high-input, high-output pond intensive culture technologies have become increasingly sophisticated. Now the market demand is shifting towards more demanding fish to demanding higher quality fish. In the intensive culture of ponds, the use of feed not only directly affects the economic benefits of fish farmers, but also affects the quality of farmed fish. This article combines the "pollution-free breeding-feed management system" issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and the actual operation of farmers, in order to improve the safety and quality of aquatic products and ensure the safety, quality, and nutrition of fish food, talk about pollution-free farming. Management and use." Applicable to large area pond intensive pond fish reference. First, the quality management of fish fed compound feed. 1. The quality of fish fed compound feed includes four items: sensory index, physical index, nutrition index and health index. The sensory index is the requirement: uniform color, with the feed inherent odor, no odor, no mold, deterioration, agglomeration phenomenon, no bird, rat, insect contamination, granular, no odor, smooth surface. Physical index requirements: 98% of the powder passes through a 40-mesh sieve and 80% passes through a 60-mesh sieve. Nutritional requirements: energy in feed, crude protein, essential amino acids, crude fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, crude ash, sand, etc. Health indicators related to harmful microorganisms (Salmonella, E. coli, etc.), harmful heavy metals (mercury, lead, arsenic, etc.), toxic organics (pesticide residues), mycotoxins (aflatoxin) and so on. 2, feed storage methods. In order for the feed to be stored and kept well, it is necessary to have good warehouse facilities, reasonably stack feed, and strengthen daily management, pay attention to hygiene. For storage facilities, the storage warehouse is equipped with no leakage, no humidity, and the door is protected against sun, heat, and ventilation. For the daily management of feeds: strengthen the internal and external health management of the warehouse, often disinfect the rodents to eliminate insects, pay attention to whether there are empty holes around the coffers, and timely block. It should not be stored for a long time. If the storage conditions are not good or summer high temperature and humidity, it is even more inappropriate to store feed, otherwise it will affect the freshness of feed, especially for feeds with high fat content, long-term storage under inappropriate conditions will make fat oxidized and deteriorate, so that high-quality feed Become inferior feed. If you feed moldy feed, it will not only increase the feed coefficient, but also hinder the growth and development of fish, resulting in dead fish, which should attract the attention of fish farmers. Second, the amount of feeding. Under normal circumstances: the amount of green feed is 15% to 20% of the weight of grass carp in the pond, and the amount of concentrate feed is 3% to 5% of the stock of pond. The specific amount of material should be based on four look (see the water temperature, see the weather, see the color, see the fish food situation). In general, the four major fishes are more prosperous at a water temperature of 20°C to 30°C and grow more rapidly. In summer when the water temperature is low and in summer when the water temperature is too high, the amount of feed should be reduced. In spring, when the water temperature rises steadily at 20°C, the feeding amount should be increased moderately. In the cultivation, summer should be used in large quantities and continue until the end of autumn. When the water temperature is lower than 18°C, the amount of feeding should be reduced appropriately. Achieving adequate feeding means that all edible fish in the pond can ingest adequate pellet feed. In the high season of fish feeding, most of the fish are insufficient in food. Insufficient consumption limits the growth of fish. The production of the same weight of fish will increase the cost of feed. When the water temperature is low or the water temperature is too high, and the weather changes, it is easy to cause overfeeding. This not only wastes money directly but also quickly pollutes the water quality. The appropriate amount of feed should ultimately be based on the actual food intake of the fish. Third, feeding methods. Adopt the "four set" (fixed, regular, fixed, quantitative) feeding principle. Feeding should be "slow, fast, slow" and maintain a certain feeding time. “Slow, fast, slow” refers to a small amount of slow throw when starting feeding. When you see a large number of fish to feed, speed up the feeding rate, but it is not a one-time large amount of feeding into the pond. When you observe that there is less fish fed In the future, feed rates should be slowed down. In general, the time for each meal to feed pellets is controlled between 20-30 minutes, while the time for the fish pellets is 15-35 minutes. Less than 10 minutes may cause feed wastage, and insoluble feeds higher than 1 hour may affect the digestion of feed by fish. Therefore, the feeding time should be extended to 20-30 minutes each time. The feeding machine has been used in many farmers, and everyone agrees that the feeding machine has a good effect in the breeding warehouse. The pellets fed by the feeding machine are fed with a large area and are usually fan-shaped after being tested. The grass carp will grab pellets on the surface of the water to ensure that the pellets can feed the grass carp fully and evenly, without wasting feed, and effectively reduce the feed coefficient. This is one of the reasons why farmers are promoting the use of feeders. At present, most farmers do not use feeding machines. The feeding method is basically one side of the rowing process. This feeding method makes the feeding of feeds seriously uneven. In the absence of feeders, it is recommended that at least the feed should be poured into the ship's warehouse. In the midpoint of the game, there will be more spills, so that more fish can eat pellets. Increasing the number of feedings The shorter the time the bait stays in the fish's intestine, the faster the metabolism and the lower the utilization of the bait. Therefore, under the condition that the total amount is unchanged, the number of feedings should be reduced and the number of feedings should be increased, so that the fish is always in a state of semi-starvation, so as to increase the utilization rate of the bait and reduce the feed coefficient. Now our farmers only cast one meal per day. This feeding method is not conducive to the full use of feed and the growth potential of fish. The cost of feed is relatively high. Fish ponds fed twice daily divide the total weight of the pelleted feed on the day into two parts, accounting for about 60% of the whole day's consumption in the morning and about 40% of the total amount in the afternoon. This kind of material method is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of feed for fish, as well as the reduction of floating head. When the weather changes, it can directly reduce the amount of feed in the afternoon. This will not disrupt the “timed” principle, but also easily control the actual amount of material used on the day. . Fourth, the feed coefficient 1, the pond water quality should be fresh. The quality of water directly affects the feeding, digestion, and absorption of fish. In general, the larger the water body, the stronger its own regulation and better water quality. Oxygen content in the water is the most important factor affecting the feed coefficient. For feed-based feed fish, the same density of fish species is stocked in the case of feeding the same kind of feed, in dissolved oxygen-rich water bodies. It grows faster than in hypoxic water, and the feed coefficient is low. Water quality regulation measures include: 1 Reasonably use aerators, prevent fish from floating in the hot weather, open the aerator for 1 hour at noon, break the warm layer, accelerate convection in the upper and lower layers of the water, and increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in the lower water layer; 2 Regularly release quicklime. In general every half a month, 15-20 kg per acre is applied to maintain the pH of the water from neutral to weakly alkaline. ;3 Fill fresh water timely to keep the water fresh and ensure that the pool water has a high dissolved oxygen content. 2, the type of fish, age and density. Different types of fish, or fish of different ages and constitutions of the same type, will have different feed coefficients. In addition, excessive breeding density can easily lead to deterioration of water quality; when the density is too small, water resources are wasted and feed is wasted, and the feed coefficient will be affected. Therefore, when stocking, pay attention to the type and age of the fish, and be physically strong and moderate in density. 3, the impact of the weather. Good weather is the best guarantee for fish to eat. In bad weather, fish are basically not eaten, and feeding the feed will only cause waste and pollute the water. For example, when fish is blowing in the east wind, the fish are not very edible. Usually, when feeding 4 packs, it is best to only feed 1 to 2 bales or even feed them. In the case of "Southern collision with the North", it is not possible to feed the fish. If the temperature of the water is too high (above 30 degrees Celsius) or the weather is hot, the feed of fish may be appropriately reduced. 4, feeding and management level. Feeding methods should adhere to the "four sets" and adhere to the "four look" feeding methods of "see water temperature, see water quality, see the weather, and look for food." In the management of pond feeding, the quality of eating and domesticating, feeding techniques, prevention and treatment of fish diseases, and other daily management are important factors affecting the feed intake and utilization of fish. Fifth, pay attention to matters. 1 The fed green feed and concentrate feed must be fresh, clean, hygienic and safe, and should not be fed on expired, moldy feed. Oak grass is recommended not to cast overnight grass. 2 Remove the remaining grass and straw from the previous day each morning. 3 The feed must be managed by a special person, and establish a registration form for the entrance and exit of feed, strictly implement the feed use signature system, and do a good job in each pond feeding record. 4 Keep the feed warehouse dry, clean and sanitary, prevent moldy feed and prevent rat damage, and close the doors and windows from the feed warehouse.

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