Whole wheat rot disease
2020-07-08 13:18:00
The symptoms are also known as wheat blight and blackleg. Full-bleeding disease is a root disease that only infects the 1-2 roots of the root and stem base. In the seedling stage, the diseased plants were short and the lower yellow leaves were numerous, and the seed roots and stems in the ground turned grayish black, and when they were serious, the wheat seedlings were dead. During the jointing stage, the winter wheat seedlings returned slowly and slowly, and most of the roots of the diseased plants turned black. The grayish-black mycelium layer appeared at the base of stems and sheaths. After the heading, clusters or spotted pieces of diseased early-growth white ear occurred in the field, and the diseased root became black and easy to pull up. Stem on the surface and leaf sheath covered with dense intertwined black brown layer of mycelium, was "black feet" shape, after the color deepened black plaster-like, covered with dark brown granular ascaria shell. The disease differs from other root rot diseases of wheat in that the seed roots and secondary roots become black and corrupt, with black plaster-like mycelia at the base of stems.
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Pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Sacc.) Walker said that the top of the capsular shell and variants of Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Oliver var. tritici (Sacc.) Walker said that the capsular shell wheat varieties, subgenus Ascomycotina Fungus. No asexual spores are produced under natural conditions. The ascostic shells of wheat varieties (Ggt) are clustered or scattered on mycelium bundles on the inner side of the basal sheaths of senile diseased plants. The flasks are black and surrounded by brown hyphae. The neck is slightly curved to the side. The hole of the silk is exposed to the epidermis, with a size of 385-771297-505 (μm), and the ascaria shell is often not connected to the subseat. The ascosites are arranged in parallel in the ascendace sac. There are pseudo-lateral filaments between the early ascospores, disappearing later, stick-like, colorless, size 61-1028-14 (μm), containing 8 ascospores. Ascospores are bundled or dispersely arranged, filiform, colorless, slightly curved, with 3-7 false membranes, mostly 5, containing many oil spheres, size 53-923.1-5.4 (μm). The mature mycelium is brownish brown, and the diaphragm is sparse. It has branches at acute angles. A diaphragm is formed at the junction of the main branch and the lateral branch, forming an "A" shape. On the PDA medium, the colonies are grayish black and the mycelium bundles are prominent. The mycelia of the colonies are often rewinded towards the center, and artificial cultures are easy to produce ascospore shells. It has strong pathogenicity against wheat and barley and weak pathogenicity against rye and oats. The ascospores of G. variegata Ggg are scattered on the inner surface of the stem base sheath, black, with long neck and short neck. Ascospores, ascospores, and wheat varieties are indistinguishable. The only ascospores are slightly pointed and obtuse. The size of the ascospores is 67.5-87.53-5 ​​(μm), with 3-8 septa at maturity. A large number of fissure-like attachments, ranging in size from 15-22.527.5 to 30 (μm), were produced on leaf sheaths, coleoptiles, and young rhizome tissues of barley, wheat, rye, oats, and rice. On the PDA medium, the colonies were white in color and dark in color. The aerial hyphae were villous. The feathery hyphae on the edge of the colonies did not rewind toward the center and the ascospora shells were not easily generated. The pathogenicity of wheat is weak, but the pathogenicity is strong to barley, rye, oats and rice. The host has a wide range of hosts and can infect more than 10 cultivated or wild grasses.
Transmission Pathways and Pathogenic Conditions Whole wheat pathogens are soil inhabitants. The fungus is mainly wintered or over-summered on the residue of the hyphae left in the soil or the manure not mixed with the diseased body and the seed mixed with the diseased body. It is the main source of infection for post-planted wheat. The introduction of mixed diseased seeds is the main cause of disease-free areas. The dormant mycelia on the roots of the cutting wheat harvest area became the primary source of infection for the lower jaw. Shortly after the winter wheat seed germination, the summer mycelia can invade the roots and overwinter in the blackened roots. Spring wheat turns green, mycelium also grows faster with increasing temperature, extends upwards to the tiller section and base of the stem, joints to the heading stage, can infect to section 1-2, due to the death of stem base damage diseased plants will continue to die . In the spring wheat region, after the seeds germinated, the wintering hyphae infested the young roots on the diseased body, and gradually spread to the infestation of the tillering node and the stem base, and finally caused the death of the planting Zhu. Most of the diseased plants showed white panicles during the grain filling stage, and the diseased plants accelerated to death when they encountered dry hot winds. The full-blown wheat pathogen is better than gas, with a developmental temperature limit of 3 to 35°C, a suitable temperature of 19 to 24°C, and a lethal temperature of 52 to 54°C (warming) for 10 minutes. Soil properties and farming management conditions have a greater impact on total erosion. Generally, the soil has loose soil and low fertility, and the alkaline soil is heavier. The moist soil is conducive to the occurrence and expansion of diseases, and the irrigated land is heavier than the dry land. Rotation with non-host crop rotations or floods and dry crops is less frequent. Strongly developed roots have strong resistance to disease, and the addition of decomposed organic fertilizer can reduce the incidence. Early winter wheat sowing is heavy.
Prevention methods (1) It is forbidden to introduce species from the ward to prevent the spread of disease. Seeds with suspected disease are soaked in warm water of 51-54°C for 10 minutes or soaked with the active ingredient 0.15 thiophanate liquid for 10 minutes. (2) Rotation of rice crops, rotation of crops, or cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, or vegetables can also be used for crop rotation. Soybeans, rapeseeds, potatoes, etc. can also be planted to reduce the incidence. (3) Plant resistant varieties such as Yannong No. 15, Jinan No. 13 and Jining No. 3. (4) Increase the use of organic fertilizer to promote the application of enzyme composting, using the formula fertilization technology to increase the micro-state antagonism of soil rhizosphere. (5) Chemical control promotes seed dressing with 2% seed weight with 0.2% seed weight, and the efficacy is about 90%. It is also possible to mix 100 kg of seeds with 15% triadimenol 30 g. 20-30 days after wheat sowing, every 6672 use 15% triadimefon (triadimefon) wettable powder 150-200g water 60L, Shun ridge spray, returning to the green period in the next year once again, can effectively control the full erosion disease damage, and Both powdery mildew and rust. In areas or fields where whole wheat rot, root rot, sheath blight, smut, and soil pests are mixed, 40% methylisosalt-containing EC 50ml or 50% phoxim EC 100ml can be used. After 20% triadimefon (triaden) EC 50ml, 2-3kg of water, 50kg of mixed wheat seeds, and 2-3 hours after mixing, then medium. It can effectively prevent and control the above diseases and treat underground pests. In areas or fields where wheat powdery mildew, root rot, ground pests and voles are mixed, use 75% of 3911 EC 150ml, add 20% triadimefon (triadimefol) EC 20ml, water 2-3kg, mix wheat 50kg , Can effectively control root rot, powdery mildew, and cure underground pests. (6) Advocate the use of more rare earth pure nutrients, with 50g per 6672, spraying 20-30L of water in the growing season or booting stage, once every 10-15 days, and spraying 2-3 times continuously.
Pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Sacc.) Walker said that the top of the capsular shell and variants of Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Oliver var. tritici (Sacc.) Walker said that the capsular shell wheat varieties, subgenus Ascomycotina Fungus. No asexual spores are produced under natural conditions. The ascostic shells of wheat varieties (Ggt) are clustered or scattered on mycelium bundles on the inner side of the basal sheaths of senile diseased plants. The flasks are black and surrounded by brown hyphae. The neck is slightly curved to the side. The hole of the silk is exposed to the epidermis, with a size of 385-771297-505 (μm), and the ascaria shell is often not connected to the subseat. The ascosites are arranged in parallel in the ascendace sac. There are pseudo-lateral filaments between the early ascospores, disappearing later, stick-like, colorless, size 61-1028-14 (μm), containing 8 ascospores. Ascospores are bundled or dispersely arranged, filiform, colorless, slightly curved, with 3-7 false membranes, mostly 5, containing many oil spheres, size 53-923.1-5.4 (μm). The mature mycelium is brownish brown, and the diaphragm is sparse. It has branches at acute angles. A diaphragm is formed at the junction of the main branch and the lateral branch, forming an "A" shape. On the PDA medium, the colonies are grayish black and the mycelium bundles are prominent. The mycelia of the colonies are often rewinded towards the center, and artificial cultures are easy to produce ascospore shells. It has strong pathogenicity against wheat and barley and weak pathogenicity against rye and oats. The ascospores of G. variegata Ggg are scattered on the inner surface of the stem base sheath, black, with long neck and short neck. Ascospores, ascospores, and wheat varieties are indistinguishable. The only ascospores are slightly pointed and obtuse. The size of the ascospores is 67.5-87.53-5 ​​(μm), with 3-8 septa at maturity. A large number of fissure-like attachments, ranging in size from 15-22.527.5 to 30 (μm), were produced on leaf sheaths, coleoptiles, and young rhizome tissues of barley, wheat, rye, oats, and rice. On the PDA medium, the colonies were white in color and dark in color. The aerial hyphae were villous. The feathery hyphae on the edge of the colonies did not rewind toward the center and the ascospora shells were not easily generated. The pathogenicity of wheat is weak, but the pathogenicity is strong to barley, rye, oats and rice. The host has a wide range of hosts and can infect more than 10 cultivated or wild grasses.
Transmission Pathways and Pathogenic Conditions Whole wheat pathogens are soil inhabitants. The fungus is mainly wintered or over-summered on the residue of the hyphae left in the soil or the manure not mixed with the diseased body and the seed mixed with the diseased body. It is the main source of infection for post-planted wheat. The introduction of mixed diseased seeds is the main cause of disease-free areas. The dormant mycelia on the roots of the cutting wheat harvest area became the primary source of infection for the lower jaw. Shortly after the winter wheat seed germination, the summer mycelia can invade the roots and overwinter in the blackened roots. Spring wheat turns green, mycelium also grows faster with increasing temperature, extends upwards to the tiller section and base of the stem, joints to the heading stage, can infect to section 1-2, due to the death of stem base damage diseased plants will continue to die . In the spring wheat region, after the seeds germinated, the wintering hyphae infested the young roots on the diseased body, and gradually spread to the infestation of the tillering node and the stem base, and finally caused the death of the planting Zhu. Most of the diseased plants showed white panicles during the grain filling stage, and the diseased plants accelerated to death when they encountered dry hot winds. The full-blown wheat pathogen is better than gas, with a developmental temperature limit of 3 to 35°C, a suitable temperature of 19 to 24°C, and a lethal temperature of 52 to 54°C (warming) for 10 minutes. Soil properties and farming management conditions have a greater impact on total erosion. Generally, the soil has loose soil and low fertility, and the alkaline soil is heavier. The moist soil is conducive to the occurrence and expansion of diseases, and the irrigated land is heavier than the dry land. Rotation with non-host crop rotations or floods and dry crops is less frequent. Strongly developed roots have strong resistance to disease, and the addition of decomposed organic fertilizer can reduce the incidence. Early winter wheat sowing is heavy.
Prevention methods (1) It is forbidden to introduce species from the ward to prevent the spread of disease. Seeds with suspected disease are soaked in warm water of 51-54°C for 10 minutes or soaked with the active ingredient 0.15 thiophanate liquid for 10 minutes. (2) Rotation of rice crops, rotation of crops, or cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, or vegetables can also be used for crop rotation. Soybeans, rapeseeds, potatoes, etc. can also be planted to reduce the incidence. (3) Plant resistant varieties such as Yannong No. 15, Jinan No. 13 and Jining No. 3. (4) Increase the use of organic fertilizer to promote the application of enzyme composting, using the formula fertilization technology to increase the micro-state antagonism of soil rhizosphere. (5) Chemical control promotes seed dressing with 2% seed weight with 0.2% seed weight, and the efficacy is about 90%. It is also possible to mix 100 kg of seeds with 15% triadimenol 30 g. 20-30 days after wheat sowing, every 6672 use 15% triadimefon (triadimefon) wettable powder 150-200g water 60L, Shun ridge spray, returning to the green period in the next year once again, can effectively control the full erosion disease damage, and Both powdery mildew and rust. In areas or fields where whole wheat rot, root rot, sheath blight, smut, and soil pests are mixed, 40% methylisosalt-containing EC 50ml or 50% phoxim EC 100ml can be used. After 20% triadimefon (triaden) EC 50ml, 2-3kg of water, 50kg of mixed wheat seeds, and 2-3 hours after mixing, then medium. It can effectively prevent and control the above diseases and treat underground pests. In areas or fields where wheat powdery mildew, root rot, ground pests and voles are mixed, use 75% of 3911 EC 150ml, add 20% triadimefon (triadimefol) EC 20ml, water 2-3kg, mix wheat 50kg , Can effectively control root rot, powdery mildew, and cure underground pests. (6) Advocate the use of more rare earth pure nutrients, with 50g per 6672, spraying 20-30L of water in the growing season or booting stage, once every 10-15 days, and spraying 2-3 times continuously.
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