Aquaculture and management

The genus Minamata is a small and precious species of carnivora, carp, and genus.

animal. In the natural world, there are two kinds of American and American otter. Currently, the artificially-breeded otter is mainly American otter.

The biological characteristics and living habits of leech

The wild otters are mostly light brown, and the lower jaws have white spots. The bristles of the artificially-breeding bred are dark in color, mostly dark brown or dark brown. After years of breeding and white variations, the number of raccoon crickets is increasing.

The leeches are slender, with small heads and well-developed necks, short limbs, slender tails, and fluffy tail hair. On both sides of the anus, there is a pair of anal glands that secrete substances that have a strong pungent odor. The fierce waters are aggressive, aggressive, nocturnal, audibly, running and swimming faster, and able to dive. The mink is a carnivorous animal and mainly eats various rodents, snakes, amphibians, fish, shrimp, birds and insects. Otter breeding once a year, estrus mating from mid-to-March to March, litter from April to May, the average period of gestation is 46 days, 5 to 8 per litter, 9 to 10 months of sexual maturity, second You can participate in breeding in spring and spring. The breeding period can be as long as 8 to 9 years, and the life span is 12 to 15 years. In the case of artificial rearing, the useful life is relatively shortened.

Second, artificial feeding technology

1. Shelter construction

Sheds are equipment for water supply, cold protection and summer resort. They can be adapted to local conditions and draw materials locally. The specifications are generally 25 to 50 meters long, 3.5 to 4 meters wide, and 1.1 to 1.2 meters high. Some increase the span of a single building (about 8 meters), on both sides of the breeding crickets, the raising of leeches in the middle, can increase the utilization rate of single sheds, and can improve fur quality to a certain extent. The cage is a place for leeches, feeding, excretion and breeding. The cage is made of wire mesh, and the cell is made of 1.5 to 2 cm of wood. There are many specifications. Single-layer cages: The cages are 703,040 cubic centimeters (length, width, height). The chamber is 303,030 cubic centimeters or 453,545 cubic centimeters. Double-layer cages: The lower layer is a species of quail and the upper layer is a pupa or larvae. The breeding cage is 656,045 cubic centimeters, the chamber is 454,040 cubic centimeters, the cormorant cage is 504,540 cubic centimeters, the chamber is 563,023 cubic centimeters, and a small chamber is connected in two.

2. Kind of feed

(1) Animal feed

1 Fish feed Fish feed is one of the important sources of animal protein in leech, with extensive resources and low prices. There are many kinds of fish, and they can be divided into two kinds: marine miscellaneous fish and freshwater fish. These fish can be used as feed for leeches except for pufferfish poisonous fish.

Fresh sea bass can be fed raw, so that palatability is strong and protein digestibility is high, and sea miscellaneous fish with mild deterioration need to be retort-sterilized and cooked. A small number of sea miscellaneous fish and most freshwater fish contain thiamine poison enzymes, which have a destructive effect on vitamin B1 (thiamine), and often lead to vitamin B1 deficiency after feeding, and should also be cooked after cooking.

When all aquatic diets use fish as animal feed, they can account for 70% to 75% of the dietary weight, and a variety of fish must be mixed and fed, and vitamin B1 and vitamin E must be supplied to ensure good production. . When fish, meat, and by-products are combined, fish can account for 40% to 50% of animal feed. Fish feed has a high content of unsaturated lipopeptides, is easily oxidatively rancid, and fish proteins are also extremely corrupt. The content of certain essential amino acids is also significantly different from that of meat. Therefore, the effect of using fish to raise fish is not as good as that of fish. In particular, when fish is too single, the effect is even worse.

2 meat feed meat feed is an important source of full-price protein feed. It contains essential amino acids in similar amounts and proportions to the body of the leech, along with fats, vitamins, and minerals. There are many kinds of meat feeds, and they are highly palatable. The meat of various animals can be used as long as they are fresh, disease-free, and non-toxic.

Meat feeds can account for 15% to 20% of animal feed in diets, up to a maximum of 50% of animal feed. When meat feeds are used, they must be subject to health and quarantine. Those who are not sick can feed raw materials. Diseased livestock and poultry meat or contaminated meats need to be treated with high-temperature and harmless food before consumption. Unusable foods should be prohibited from consumption. In addition to high-temperature and high-pressure treatment of pox pork, try to remove some of the fat. At the same time increase the amount of vitamin E feed, and with a certain percentage of low-fat small fish, rabbit head, rabbit skeleton or fish meal.

Meat has higher nutritional value, but its price is higher. Therefore, it must be used rationally. During the breeding period and cub growth period, the proportion of meat feed can be appropriately increased to increase the biological value of the protein in the diet.

3 meat by-products By-products of meat, including the head of livestock and poultry, skeleton organs and blood, etc., have been widely used in production practice. Apart from the liver, heart, kidneys, and blood, these products have low protein digestibility and biological value. Therefore, use these by-products to feed the amount of fleas properly, and pay attention to other feeds. Care should be taken not to feed hormone-containing by-products during the breeding season. Meat by-products generally account for 30% to 40% of animal feed.

Dry animal feed commonly used dry animal feed fish meal, dried fish, blood meal and feather meal.

Fishmeal contains 40% to 60% of protein, 2.5% to 4% of salt, and is fed with fresh and high-quality fishmeal. During the growth period of young animals, it accounts for 20% to 25% of animal protein in the diet. In the non-breeding period, it accounts for animals. 40% to 45% of the protein. Fishmeal has high salt content and must be thoroughly soaked with fresh water before use. Change 2 or 3 times of water during soaking.

The key to raising dried fish with dried fish is the quality of dried fish. High-quality dried fish can account for 70% to 75% of the animal feed for diets, but during the breeding season of leech, it must be matched with 25% to 30% of full-price protein feed (fresh meat, eggs, milk, liver, etc.). During the breeding period of young cubs and winter hair growth period, fresh pox pork or vegetable oil must be added to compensate for the shortage of dry fish fat.

Blood meal contains more than 80% protein, including lysine, methionine, arginine, and cystine. It has a good effect on the growth of young larvae and plush growth. Good quality blood meal can feed quail, but not easy to digest, so the amount is not easy to be too high, generally accounting for 20% to 25% of dietary animal feed. Feeding should gradually increase the amount of feed, and after cooking treatment with other feeds.

Feather powder Feather powder protein is rich in cystine, which has a good effect on the formation of mink winter hair. One month before the wool change in spring and autumn, the diet was fed with 2 to 3 grams of feather meal for 3 months consecutively, which has the effect of relieving self-bite and eating hair disorders. Feather flour should be mixed with grain feed and steamed.

5 Milk Dairy Feed is one of the sources of full-price protein of leeches. It is generally used only during the breeding period and during the growth period of larvae, and it has a good promoting effect on the growth and development of female lactation and lactation. During pregnancy, you can usually feed 30 to 40 grams of fresh milk a day, up to a maximum of 50 to 60 grams, and 15 to 20 grams for other periods. The use of fresh milk must be heat-treated, generally heating at 70-80°C for 15 minutes. No fresh milk can be replaced with whole milk powder.

6 Egg feed The eggs and eggs of all kinds of poultry are all of higher biological value and have better use effect during the breeding season. Egg feeds should be cooked. Otherwise, due to the presence of avidin, dermatitis and hair loss will occur. During the preparation of the breeding period, the amount of 10 to 20 grams per male catfish can improve the quality of semen, and 20 to 30 grams of fresh eggs are added to the diets of pregnant and lactating mothers, which is not only beneficial to the development of the embryo and improving the vitality of the young pig, but also Promote the secretion of milk.

(2) Plant-based fodder Plant fodder includes cereals, cakes, fruits and vegetables, etc. It can provide rich carbides and various kinds of bio-remediation for mink.

Cereal feed generally accounts for 10% to 15% of the diet of leeches and is mainly composed of corn, soybeans, barley and by-products. Which beans generally account for 20% to 30% of cereals in the diet, excessive feeding can cause indigestion. In practice, the mixing ratio of soybean meal to corn meal and wheat flour is 1:2:1. The processing of soybeans into soy milk instead of dairy feeds is also effective. Cereals should be cooked, mildewed grains can easily cause aflatoxinosis, and food feeding is prohibited. The feed is rich in protein, but leeches have low digestibility, and the proportion in the diet should not be too large. Generally it does not exceed 20% of the grain, otherwise it will cause indigestion and diarrhea.

Vegetables commonly used in fruit and vegetable feed include cabbage, cabbage, rape, carrots, and spinach. Vegetables are rich in vitamins and are the main source of vitamin E, K, and C. Vegetables generally account for 10% to 15% of the total diet. When using, it is best to use two or more kinds of vegetables, and at the same time pay attention to its freshness. The rotted vegetables contain nitrite, which can cause nitrite poisoning in leeches after feeding. Vegetables that have been sprayed with pesticides must be fed until the efficacy disappears. Unbleached melons can also replace some vegetables.

(3) Additive feeds Vitamins, mineral additives can supplement the deficiency of vitamins A, B, C, E and calcium, phosphorus and trace elements in feed, play an important role in ensuring the nutritional needs of mink, and promoting normal growth and reproduction. Annual supply. Breeding period can increase the amount of feed.

Antibiotics and antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting harmful microorganisms and preventing feed spoilage. The use of summer and young growth can prevent gastroenteritis and promote the growth and development of the young.

3. Feeding management in different growth periods

(1) Feeding management before mating

The central task for the breeding and management of the breeding period is to promote the normal development of the reproductive organs, adjust the appropriate body condition, and ensure that the otters enter the breeding period in due course. For the convenience of feeding and management, the leeching preparations are usually divided into the previous period (from September to October), the middle period (from November to December), and the later period (from January to February).

1 Feeding points for preparing the breeding period In the early stages of preparation, the main task is to increase nutrition and improve the sensation and prepare for wintering.

Due to the poor appetite in summer and general slim condition of the otters, after entering this period, the temperature gradually decreased and the appetite recovered. In order to ensure safe wintering of the species, the dietary standards should be increased during this period to improve waterlogging.

Dietary standards: metabolic energy 250 to 300 calories, digestible protein 30 to 35 grams, 10 grams of fat, animal feed about 70%, 300 to 350 grams of diet.

The preparation period for breeding is mainly to maintain nutrition and adjust the public opinion. At this point, it can be adapted to local conditions and there is no fixed mode. In the cold climate in the north, it is necessary to adjust the moisture level on the basis of maintaining the nutrition in the early stage, mainly to prevent excessive leanness, so as to ensure the need for overwintering reserves and metabolic consumption. In regions where the weather is not too cold, the body condition should be adjusted in the middle of maintaining nutrition, mainly to prevent over-fat and too-lean body conditions.

In the later stages of preparation and breeding, on the one hand, nutrition is adjusted and body conditions are balanced, and on the other hand, genital development is promoted as soon as possible.

Practice has shown that the body condition of a species is closely related to its fertility. Over-fertility or over-thinness have severe effects on reproduction. Therefore, we should adjust the status of the species at any time during this period and strictly control the development of the two poles. Diets should gradually reduce the amount of fat. In mid-to late-February, public funds are generally required to reach the upper-middle body status, while the mother-in-law is moderately lower.

In order to promote the rapid development of reproductive organs and the formation of sexual cells. Full protein and multivitamins are needed at this time, and caloric standards can be appropriately reduced. Since the male cricket has played a leading role in the breeding period, the standard of public breeding can be higher than that of the female cub.

Dietary standards: Metabolic energy 240 to 280 kcal, digestible protein, male 25 to 30 grams, female 20 to 25 grams, digestible fat 5 to 7 grams, 75% of animal feed, diet 250 to 250 300 grams. In public diets, feeds with high nutritive value such as eggs, liver, and brain, and promotion of reproductive organ development should be added.

During this period, each day should also be provided with cod liver oil 1U vitamin A1500IU), yeast 4 to 6 grams, 10 to 15 grams of malt.

2 The identification and adjustment of body condition generally adopts diverting water to stand upright to observe the body condition. Overweight body condition, with a thick round neck, drooping abdomen, accumulation of large amounts of fat in the rat sacral area, slow movement. Over-skinny condition, rat depression into a ditch, slender body, dorsal ridge, prominent ribs, and more for jumping sports. In the middle body condition, the body is called sturdy, full muscle, posterior belly flat, flexible operation and normal appetite. This method is certified once a week.

Weighing at the end of February, males weighing 1,800 to 2,200 grams and females reaching 800 to 900 grams, but due to different body sizes, body weight can not be used to measure body condition. Body mass index is often used. Weight) Identification of body conditions. Practice has shown that females with a body mass index of 24 to 26 g/cm have high fertility.

For the over-fertilized body, it is necessary to make it more exercise and consume body fat; to reduce or remove the grass mat inside the chamber, increase the heat of chills; adjust the diet, reduce the calorie standards, the obvious over-fat, appropriate Reduce dietary intake or weekly fasting 1 or 2 times.

The blister for overweight conditions is mainly the total amount of feed that increases the proportion of high quality animal feed in the diet. Can also be individually supplemented to make it full, give full-grass grass, strengthen insulation, reduce energy consumption, for those who are thin due to illness, must start from the treatment, combined with top dressing.

(2) Breeding period for breeding and management During the breeding period, the appetite of the leeches has declined due to the influence of sexual activities, especially for public breeding with strong breeding ability. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the feeding and provide fresh, high-quality, nutritious, palatable, and easily digestible diets. To ensure that the public money has a strong long-lasting breeding ability and good semen quality.

Dietary standards: metabolic energy 230 to 250 kcal, protein 25 to 30 grams, animal feed 75% to 80%, 250 grams of diet. Each day should also be fed 1 g of cod liver oil, 5-7 g of yeast, 2.5 mg of vitamin E (or 10 g of wheat buds), 0.25 mg of vitamin B1, and 2 g of green onions. Diets that rely on meat or meat by-products should also be supplemented with bone meal.

The breeding public animals that participate in breeding should replenish 80 to 100 grams of high-quality animal feed at noon. For male volunteers with strong breeding ability but poor appetite, feed a small amount of poultry meat, fresh liver and fish pieces to restore appetite as soon as possible.

(3) Feeding management during pregnancy The pregnancy period is a crucial period for the production of mink. During this period, the mother's metabolism is very strong, and the demand for feed and nutrients is stricter than any other period. In addition to maintaining their own life activities and exchange hairs, water lice also provide nutrition for fetal growth and development, and provide nutrients for postpartum lactation.

1Feeding during gestation period This period must ensure that the feed quality is fresh, feeds that are spoiled or stored for a long time are strictly forbidden to be fed, livestock meat with unexplained causes is not allowed to be used in the diet, female dead meat that has died of dystocia, hormone-treated livestock and poultry Meat and its by-products, as well as animal placenta, breasts, testis, and trachea with thyroid glands, use as many feed combinations as possible to increase the full price and palatability of the diet. This period is best to use fish mixed with diet. The ideal proportion of fish is 40% to 50% of fish, 10% to 20% of meat, and 30% to 40% of meat by-products. For example, a full-price protein feed, such as fresh milk, fresh eggs, and fresh meat, must be added to the market for pelleted feeds and dry animal feeds. The proportion of dry animal feed is preferably no more than 50% of the animal feed. In order to solve the deficiency of essential fatty acids, a small amount of vegetable oil (5 grams per day) can be replenished in the diet. In order to meet the needs of blisters for calcium and phosphorus, diets can add 20 to 30 grams of rabbit head, rabbit skeleton, or 15 to 20 grams of fresh bone, or 3 to 4 grams of bone meal.

Dietary standards: Xie can 250 to 300 kcal, digestible protein 30 to 35 grams, 8 to 10 grams of digestible fat, animal feed 75% to 80%. Every day, add 1 g of fish liver oil, 5-7 g of yeast, 15-25 g of malt, or supplement vitamin A800-1000IU, vitamin U5 mg, vitamin B12-3 mg, and vitamin C20-30 mg.

From April 15 onwards, milk and eggs are added to the diet, which is effective in raising the mother's milking power.

Due to the good quality of the diet during pregnancy, nutrition is full, palatability is strong, and the mother-in-law eats well, and it is easy to cause excess body fat. Therefore, the amount of feed must be properly controlled. Gradually raise the level of nutrition according to the course of pregnancy to maintain a good appetite and body condition. Mother-fat is too fat, prone to dystocia, postpartum lack of milk and uneven fetal development. Mother lice are too thin, due to lack of nutrition, impeded fetal development, easy to interrupt the pregnancy, the production of weak emaciated and maternal diarrhea, hair replacement, etc. 2 gestational management points during pregnancy to observe the mother's appetite, behavior, body Condition, digestion, and hair change. The normal pregnant mother has a strong appetite, strips of feces, normal hair exchange, and sun exposure. If the mother's appetite is found to be poor and the feces is abnormal, the cause must be found immediately and measures must be taken to resolve it.

During pregnancy, it is necessary to strengthen hygiene, regularly disinfect, keep quiet in the field, and ensure drinking water.

One week before childbirth, the mother's litter box should be cleaned, and scrubbed with 2% hot alkaline water, and then the clean, soft, dry grass besed.

(4) Feeding and management during farrowing and lactation This period of feeding and management directly affects the mother's milking power. Continuous lactation time and survival rate of Aberdeen.

The amount of milk produced by leeches is very high, which is far higher than that of dairy cows and dairy goats per unit of body weight. The nutritional value of milk is also very high. Therefore, the quality of breast milk can only be maintained by providing adequate full-price nutrition.

In principle, this period of diet can maintain the nutritional level during pregnancy, in order to promote the secretion of breast milk, can be appropriately increased eggs, milk and fresh liver and other easily digestible full-priced feed, appropriate increase in high fat content of fresh animal feed or broth. The feed processing in this period should be finer and the adjustments should be thinner.

From 1 to 3 days after childbirth, the mother's appetite is poor and her feed level can be controlled. As the mother's appetite improves, feed needs to increase gradually. Under the principle of no food, the number of births and the age of the child are treated differently. After starting eating, Aberdeen will have to eat.

During the farrowing period, managers are required to work on duty day and night to determine the status of the mother's calving. Postpartum supply of drinking water in time, timely rescue for falling, frozen, hungry Aberdeen and dystocia mother. But you must keep quiet on the court. In order to prevent Aberdeen from falling out of the cage, the cage bottom should be covered with a mesh with relatively small mesh before laying out, and the cage bottom can be spread to the bottom 2/3 of the cage. Adequate grass mats in small chambers should be strengthened.

When it is found that the mother's cockroach excretes black coal tar-like fetuses, the baby can be first examined. Bring the mother lice out of the nest and immediately insert the exit and entrance control panel to open the upper cover of the nest, use the nest to pick up the grass, then check the number of lice, breastfeeding and health. When checking, the movement should be light and the speed should be fast, without destroying the shape of the original nest.

(5) After the maintenance and breeding of the maintenance period, the body condition of the public was generally reduced. In order to restore it as soon as possible, the raising standards should not be lowered immediately, and the feeding standards of the pregnant pupa or the late male bred should be used. After 15 to 20 days After the body condition has been restored, it is transferred to the maintenance period. At the same time, public funds should be kept away from their mothers and daughters in order to reduce interference with their mothers and daughters. In addition, poor ability to eliminate breeding, poor semen quality, and loss of valuable public funds.

After pregnancy, farrowing, and breastfeeding, the mother's fistula is weaned and consumes a lot of nutrients. Most of the body is emaciated, and the disease resistance is poor and prone to diseases. In order for the mother-family to regenerate as soon as possible, the diet of the mother-in-law after weaning can maintain the nutritional status at the end of lactation. After the recovery of appetite and body condition, it is transferred to the maintenance period feed. However, in the first few days after weaning, the amount of feed should be reduced so that mothers do not suffer from mastitis.

Maintaining dietary standards: metabolic energy 250 to 280 kcal, digestible protein 22 to 28 grams, 50% to 60% animal feed, diet 250 to 350 grams.

(6) Feeding and management during the winter hair growth period The level of metabolism of the mink is also higher in this period, because in addition to storing body fat and body protein during the winter, mink grows thick winter hair. Plush is the product of keratinization, so the need for protein, fat and certain vitamins and trace elements is very urgent. Therefore, in order to produce high-quality fur, the digestible protein in the diet should reach 30-35 grams and metabolisable energy 250-300 kcal. The animal feed consists of 50% to 70%, which is mainly composed of fish, animal organs, blood, fishmeal, rabbits, etc. The total amount of 350-400 grams of diet.

During this period, a small amount of vegetable oil (1-2 grams per day), animal blood (5% to 10% of animal feed), and a certain amount of zinc can be added to increase the gloss of mink plush. In order to prevent food-eating disorders, feather or rat hair may be added to the diet.

Mink growth Winter hair is a short-day response. Therefore, during the rearing period, the skin coat should be kept in a dark shed to avoid direct sunlight in order to protect the pigment in the pile.

After the autumnal equinox, a small amount of cut straw or wheat straw (10 to 15 cm in length) should be added to the chamber for self-combing. At the same time, we must do a good job in cage care, timely repair cages to prevent damage and contamination of plush.

(7) Aberdeen was born after the birth of Aberdeen, and living conditions have undergone tremendous changes. Gas exchange, intake of nutrients, and discharge of wastes have been carried out through the placenta, and they have become self-breathing, feeding, and excretion. After birth, Aberdeen is in direct contact with the outside environment. Due to the imperfect development of the body, it is easy to die if improperly managed.

There are many reasons for the death of Aberdeen. They are stillbirths, rotten babies, weak babies, postpartum lactation, cold death, starvation, crushed death, and death. therefore. To increase the survival rate of Tsai, in addition to medium-strength selection of breeding and feeding and management during pregnancy, nursing before and after birth is also essential.

Prenatal disinfection and flocculation should be done well in the small box. The grass should not be too much or too little. It is best to occupy 1/3 of the cell. After padding, the four corners and the bottom are compacted. The center is made into a nest (about 20 centimeters). The nest is not concentrated and the mother is not turned. It is easy for you to step on or step on your baby.

During the farrowing period, they should be on duty day and night and find out that they have returned to the original nest, or sent to the original nest, and send warmth to the frozen and stricken people to return them to their original nest.

In case of lack of milk, if there are many calving babies and their mothers, they shall promptly subsidize part or all of them. In line with the principles of keeping small and strong on behalf of generations, the principle of strong and weak on behalf of the generation will lead the foster mother-in-law out of the nest and then use the grass in the nest to wipe the body of the deceased and then put it in the box. Or put the Tsai on the outside of the draft of the nest box, and the mother badger actively heads into the nest.

When the mother-in-law is farrowing, the floor should remain quiet. When checking at night, it is not possible to directly touch the female hand with the flashlight to prevent it from being frightened, and it is even more impossible to bring the odor into the bedroom.

Aberdeen mainly feeds on breast milk before 20 days of age, but from 20 to 25 days of age, it is possible to start eating the feed that is fed from the mother into the cell. At this time, the mother's milk is reduced, so the diet should be composed of fresh, high-quality, easily digestible feed. Feeds can be supplemented according to the number of babies and their daily age to supplement the deficiency of breast milk. From the 30th day onwards, the feed intake of Aberdeen should be promptly supplemented. In order to avoid competition between Aberdeen and Dingo, several food bowls can be used to supplement each other.

(8) Babies raise 40 to 45 days of age. Aberdeen has already had body temperature regulation and independent living ability. When the ambient temperature is appropriate, it can be weaned. The litter size is balanced, and it can be milked 1 time, and it is kept in cages of 2 to 3 of the same sex. Single cages are divided after 7 to 10 days. Unequal development of the coccothrakia larvae, the first strong and strong feeding ability of the separation, weakness, poor feeding ability to continue breast-feeding for some time. Before the separation, the construction of cages or the maintenance, cleaning, disinfecting, and bedding of old cages should be well done. When the nests are separated, the pedigree registration work should be done. After the nests are divided, provide high-quality full-priced, easily digestible, and palatable feeds. In time, after the water is released from the milk, the growth and development will be rapid. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the supply of protein, minerals and vitamins.

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