Cloud spot culture technology
2021-04-28 16:02:34
The cloud spot, also known as the brown head, is a scorpion-shaped head, and is native to North America. It is also a freshwater aquaculture species in the United States. It has the advantages of strong adaptability, wide appetite, easy culture, and high survival rate. It weighs 0.5 kg and can be used as a commercial fish. It is suitable for purchase by ordinary families. In the United States, it is a high-quality fast-food fish that is delicate and tender and free of intermuscular stab. At the same time, the fish is easy to hook and is popular among anglers. Many places are promoting farming.
1. Characteristics Cloud spots, short body shape, wide body anterior, and slightly flat posterior. The kiss is wide and blunt, horizontally split, mouth-mouthed, and the mouth split wider. There are irregularly inwardly curved finely-divided teeth on the anterior jaw and dentate bone. The tentacles have 4 pairs of different lengths, and the mouth should be wide and flat. The nose must be born in front of the posterior nose. The body surface is smooth and scaleless and rich in mucus. The back of the body is dark brown and grayish on the abdomen.
The cloud spot is a wide-temperature fish with a suitable temperature range of 1 to 39.5°C, which is both cold-resistant and resistant to heat. When the water temperature was 6°C, feeding was started and the optimum growth temperature was 18 to 32°C. Breeding in South China, winter also grows as usual. It can tolerate low dissolved oxygen environments. In the water with dissolved oxygen of 1.5 to 2 mg/L, it does not float, and when the dissolved oxygen is only 0.3 mg/L, the floating head appears.
The clouded spot, a carnivorous fish, has been converted to omnivorous species after long-term domestication. It feeds on benthic animals, aquatic insects, animal carcasses, organic debris, and algae. Artificial rearing can be fed with pellet feed. The feed formula requires about 10% of fishmeal, and the protein content is about 30%. It can also feed peanut bran and bean cake. Science feeds full-priced compound feed, and 2 kg of feed can raise 1 kilogram of cloud spot. Its growth rate, in natural waters, can grow to 12 to 14 centimeters in the first year, about 100 grams; the second year is 20 centimeters in length and weighs 250 to 300 grams; it reaches 25 centimeters in the third year and weighs 350 to 600 grams. .
The age of sexual maturity is 2-3 years old and the weight is more than 150 grams. The fecundity per gram of body weight was 0.2 to 10,000 grains, and the spawning season was 5 to 8 months. The spawning water temperature was 20 to 30°C, and the optimal temperature was 23 to 28°C. Natural spawning can occur in depressions in ponds. Males have egg protection habits. Eggs are sinking and sticky. Mature eggs are oval-shaped, with a long diameter of about 3 mm, a short diameter of about 2.7 mm, orange or light yellow, and transparent. After the output, it forms an egg mass. When the water temperature is between 23°C and 28°C, it takes 137 hours for the fertilized egg to reach the fish.
2. Sex identification of fry reproduction: juveniles of cloud spot appear to be difficult to identify males and females. When the fish grows to more than 150 grams, it can be identified according to the genital hole, fish body shape and body color in the reproductive season: the reproduction of female fish. Holes and urinary holes are separated from the petaloid skin to form a furrow. The genital pores are usually reddish and covered with mucus. The abdomen of the fish is raised by hand and the external genitalia is seen to be beating. The abdomen is soft and the body surface is yellow or pale. Yellow, slightly gray. The male has a wide, flat head. The body is thinner than the female, and the head muscles are more developed. The external genitalia is hypertrophic with papillary projections. During the spawning season, the body is grayish black.
Breeding of broodstock: The cultivation pond area should be 1-3 mu and the water depth should be kept at about 1.5 meters. Individuals older than 2 years and weighing about 200 grams were selected as broodstock. Generally 500 to 600 acres of mu, male to female ratio of 1:1. If artificial insemination is to be divided into male and female. In the broodstock pond, 250 to 300 mu are returned to the individual with smaller or identical bream and carp, which is beneficial to the control of water quality. However, fish can not be stocked and fished. It is mainly fed with compound feed and can feed fresh animal feed every 3 to 5 days, such as small fish or animal internal organs. It is advisable to eat 15-20 minutes after feeding.
Natural breeding: Cloud spots can reproduce naturally under pond feeding conditions. Because the male fish has egg-protecting habits, and the tail fins are used to agitate the water flow and increase the dissolved oxygen around the egg mass, the fertilization rate and hatching rate are relatively high. When the hatched fry was about 1.2 cm in length, it was picked up using a net and transferred to the pond for cultivation.
Artificial oxytocin: In order to shorten the time of spawning of the group to facilitate the concentration of hatching, the broodstock can be artificially elicited and then naturally spawned and fertilized. Oxygen-promoting agents and dosages can be used: PG 4 to 6 mg per kilogram of female body weight, or HCG 600 to 800 international units, or PG 1 to 2 mg plus HCG 550 to 700 international units. Base pectoral or intramuscular injection, male dose reduction half. After the injection, they are put back into the original brooding pond or spawning pond and allowed to spawn naturally, and the artificially produced ovaries are placed to collect the egg masses.
The method of hatching of fertilized eggs is the same as that of spotted fork tails, but the requirement for dissolved oxygen in water quality is slightly lower than the standard of 6 milligrams per litre for salmon rearing fish.
3, fish breeds generally less than 5 cm of cloud spots, juvenile fish feeding on zooplankton, so the hair can be used to send four flowers, the fertilizer pond. The fish nursery ponds are suitable for 1 to 3 mu, and 23,000 ton per mu. When the pool reaches 5 cm, the survival rate can reach 95%. It is also possible to put 80-100 thousand mu in the mussels and cultivate the sub-pool when it is about 3 cm. Fry can also be cultivated using cages and cement tanks. Cement pool area of ​​about 100 square meters is appropriate. Before clearing the seedlings, disinfect the ponds according to conventional methods. When the fry grows to 2 to 2.5 centimeters, an animal feed, such as fresh crushed fish and snail meat, should be added, and the amount fed is 0.5 to 1 kg/ten thousand tails.
When the fry grows to 3 to 5 centimeters in summer, the fish should be cultivated in sub-species. Usually 8000 to 10,000 acres of acre, rearing and management methods and catfish species fishtail culture the same.
4, adult fish breeding cloud spot? Can be stocked in ponds, lakes, can also be raised in cages. The reared fish need to be stocked with more than 5 grams per tail, and the stocking time is fall/winter or early spring. The stock size can reach 400 to 500 grams after 250 to 300 days.
Pond single-cultivation: acre put more than 5000 grams of fish per 5 grams of tail, with 50 grams of tail fish species 200 to 300 tail. Or 1600 g rearing weight of about 100 grams each year, with 30 to 50 tails of scorpion and squid, and raising the yield to 500 kilograms at the end of the year. The fish can weigh more than 500 grams.
Pond polyculture: In the adult fish pond where the main four-parent fish are raised, there are about 100 fish species per mu.
Net cage rearing: cages can contain 70 to 80 fish per cubic meter of water, and the output is about 35 to 40 kg/m3.
In the breeding process of cloud spot, the fish diseases found are: sporangiasis, hydromycosis, bacterial gill disease, third generation worm disease, trichoderma disease, enteritis disease, and rickets. First of all, we must pay attention to the prevention of diseases, and after discovering fish diseases, we must treat the disease in a timely manner.
1. Characteristics Cloud spots, short body shape, wide body anterior, and slightly flat posterior. The kiss is wide and blunt, horizontally split, mouth-mouthed, and the mouth split wider. There are irregularly inwardly curved finely-divided teeth on the anterior jaw and dentate bone. The tentacles have 4 pairs of different lengths, and the mouth should be wide and flat. The nose must be born in front of the posterior nose. The body surface is smooth and scaleless and rich in mucus. The back of the body is dark brown and grayish on the abdomen.
The cloud spot is a wide-temperature fish with a suitable temperature range of 1 to 39.5°C, which is both cold-resistant and resistant to heat. When the water temperature was 6°C, feeding was started and the optimum growth temperature was 18 to 32°C. Breeding in South China, winter also grows as usual. It can tolerate low dissolved oxygen environments. In the water with dissolved oxygen of 1.5 to 2 mg/L, it does not float, and when the dissolved oxygen is only 0.3 mg/L, the floating head appears.
The clouded spot, a carnivorous fish, has been converted to omnivorous species after long-term domestication. It feeds on benthic animals, aquatic insects, animal carcasses, organic debris, and algae. Artificial rearing can be fed with pellet feed. The feed formula requires about 10% of fishmeal, and the protein content is about 30%. It can also feed peanut bran and bean cake. Science feeds full-priced compound feed, and 2 kg of feed can raise 1 kilogram of cloud spot. Its growth rate, in natural waters, can grow to 12 to 14 centimeters in the first year, about 100 grams; the second year is 20 centimeters in length and weighs 250 to 300 grams; it reaches 25 centimeters in the third year and weighs 350 to 600 grams. .
The age of sexual maturity is 2-3 years old and the weight is more than 150 grams. The fecundity per gram of body weight was 0.2 to 10,000 grains, and the spawning season was 5 to 8 months. The spawning water temperature was 20 to 30°C, and the optimal temperature was 23 to 28°C. Natural spawning can occur in depressions in ponds. Males have egg protection habits. Eggs are sinking and sticky. Mature eggs are oval-shaped, with a long diameter of about 3 mm, a short diameter of about 2.7 mm, orange or light yellow, and transparent. After the output, it forms an egg mass. When the water temperature is between 23°C and 28°C, it takes 137 hours for the fertilized egg to reach the fish.
2. Sex identification of fry reproduction: juveniles of cloud spot appear to be difficult to identify males and females. When the fish grows to more than 150 grams, it can be identified according to the genital hole, fish body shape and body color in the reproductive season: the reproduction of female fish. Holes and urinary holes are separated from the petaloid skin to form a furrow. The genital pores are usually reddish and covered with mucus. The abdomen of the fish is raised by hand and the external genitalia is seen to be beating. The abdomen is soft and the body surface is yellow or pale. Yellow, slightly gray. The male has a wide, flat head. The body is thinner than the female, and the head muscles are more developed. The external genitalia is hypertrophic with papillary projections. During the spawning season, the body is grayish black.
Breeding of broodstock: The cultivation pond area should be 1-3 mu and the water depth should be kept at about 1.5 meters. Individuals older than 2 years and weighing about 200 grams were selected as broodstock. Generally 500 to 600 acres of mu, male to female ratio of 1:1. If artificial insemination is to be divided into male and female. In the broodstock pond, 250 to 300 mu are returned to the individual with smaller or identical bream and carp, which is beneficial to the control of water quality. However, fish can not be stocked and fished. It is mainly fed with compound feed and can feed fresh animal feed every 3 to 5 days, such as small fish or animal internal organs. It is advisable to eat 15-20 minutes after feeding.
Natural breeding: Cloud spots can reproduce naturally under pond feeding conditions. Because the male fish has egg-protecting habits, and the tail fins are used to agitate the water flow and increase the dissolved oxygen around the egg mass, the fertilization rate and hatching rate are relatively high. When the hatched fry was about 1.2 cm in length, it was picked up using a net and transferred to the pond for cultivation.
Artificial oxytocin: In order to shorten the time of spawning of the group to facilitate the concentration of hatching, the broodstock can be artificially elicited and then naturally spawned and fertilized. Oxygen-promoting agents and dosages can be used: PG 4 to 6 mg per kilogram of female body weight, or HCG 600 to 800 international units, or PG 1 to 2 mg plus HCG 550 to 700 international units. Base pectoral or intramuscular injection, male dose reduction half. After the injection, they are put back into the original brooding pond or spawning pond and allowed to spawn naturally, and the artificially produced ovaries are placed to collect the egg masses.
The method of hatching of fertilized eggs is the same as that of spotted fork tails, but the requirement for dissolved oxygen in water quality is slightly lower than the standard of 6 milligrams per litre for salmon rearing fish.
3, fish breeds generally less than 5 cm of cloud spots, juvenile fish feeding on zooplankton, so the hair can be used to send four flowers, the fertilizer pond. The fish nursery ponds are suitable for 1 to 3 mu, and 23,000 ton per mu. When the pool reaches 5 cm, the survival rate can reach 95%. It is also possible to put 80-100 thousand mu in the mussels and cultivate the sub-pool when it is about 3 cm. Fry can also be cultivated using cages and cement tanks. Cement pool area of ​​about 100 square meters is appropriate. Before clearing the seedlings, disinfect the ponds according to conventional methods. When the fry grows to 2 to 2.5 centimeters, an animal feed, such as fresh crushed fish and snail meat, should be added, and the amount fed is 0.5 to 1 kg/ten thousand tails.
When the fry grows to 3 to 5 centimeters in summer, the fish should be cultivated in sub-species. Usually 8000 to 10,000 acres of acre, rearing and management methods and catfish species fishtail culture the same.
4, adult fish breeding cloud spot? Can be stocked in ponds, lakes, can also be raised in cages. The reared fish need to be stocked with more than 5 grams per tail, and the stocking time is fall/winter or early spring. The stock size can reach 400 to 500 grams after 250 to 300 days.
Pond single-cultivation: acre put more than 5000 grams of fish per 5 grams of tail, with 50 grams of tail fish species 200 to 300 tail. Or 1600 g rearing weight of about 100 grams each year, with 30 to 50 tails of scorpion and squid, and raising the yield to 500 kilograms at the end of the year. The fish can weigh more than 500 grams.
Pond polyculture: In the adult fish pond where the main four-parent fish are raised, there are about 100 fish species per mu.
Net cage rearing: cages can contain 70 to 80 fish per cubic meter of water, and the output is about 35 to 40 kg/m3.
In the breeding process of cloud spot, the fish diseases found are: sporangiasis, hydromycosis, bacterial gill disease, third generation worm disease, trichoderma disease, enteritis disease, and rickets. First of all, we must pay attention to the prevention of diseases, and after discovering fish diseases, we must treat the disease in a timely manner.
Pheromone is a collective name for compounds that play a role in chemical communication between organisms, and which is the chemical molecular language of insect communication. Including sex pheromone, collection pheromone, alert pheromone, tracking pheromone, altruin, altruin, synergistic pheromone, evacuation pheromone. Pheromones are chemical substances that interact with each other and can affect each other's behavior, habits, and even development and physiological activities. Pheromone is produced by the glands in the body and is directly discharged to the outside. The pheromone is transmitted to other individuals by means of air, water and other conductive media. Pheromones are found in lower animals and higher mammals. Because the pheromone is transmitted by the external environment, it is also called pheromone. Chemical substances that interact between different species are called interspecies pheromones or heteropheres.
Insect pheromones are compounds used by insects to represent various information such as aggregation, foraging, mating, and alerting. They are the chemical molecular language of insect communication. At present, the basic control measures for pests in agricultural production mainly rely on chemical pesticides, but the long-term uncontrolled use of chemical pesticides has brought many side effects. The first is the emergence of pest resistance, which causes the use of drugs and drug concentrations to increase, the cost increases year by year, and the prevention and control of increasingly difficult; the second is to disrupt the ecological balance, while controlling a large number of natural enemies were killed, causing the pupae of secondary pests; Third, it pollutes the environment. A large amount of pesticides remain in crops, soils, rivers, lakes, and seas, and they are enriched in the human body through the form of food chain, causing another harm to humanity. Therefore, relevant research departments in many countries are currently working hard to explore and study new approaches and technologies for pest control. These studies include: the development of new, efficient, environmentally friendly, low-toxic, low-residue chemical pesticides; natural enemy insects and microorganisms The use of pesticides; insect sterilization technology and the application of insect hormones; among them, the research on the use of insect hormones, especially insect sex pheromones for pest control, is receiving increasing attention and attention.
Research on insect pheromone has been developing rapidly. Since the first insect pheromone Bombykol, has been isolated and identified, more than 2,000 insect pheromones and their analogs have been identified and synthesized worldwide, of which more than 100 insect pheromone To achieve commercial production, the production and research of Lepidoptera sex pheromones is the most extensive and comprehensive.
Pheromone
Insect communication, Including Sex pheromone, Collection pheromone,Alert pheromone, Tracking pheromone
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