Main points of fertilization in different stages of winter wheat
Fertilization of winter wheat in the vegetative growth stage (emergence, tillering, wintering, rejuvenation, getting up, jointing), the main target is to promote tillering and earing, while in the reproductive growth stage (booting, heading, flowering, grouting, maturity), increase Grain weight gain is the main factor.
Due to differences in climate, soil, cultivation measures and variety characteristics, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorbed by wheat plants during their lifetime and their distribution in different parts of plants also changed. Taken together, it is generally considered that for every 100 kilograms of wheat grain produced, about 2.8-3.2 kilograms of pure nitrogen, 1-1.5 kilograms of phosphorus, 2-4 kilograms of potassium, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are about 1:0. : 1. Nitrogen and phosphorus were mainly concentrated in Zizi, accounting for 76% and 82.4% of the total plant content, respectively. Potassium was mainly concentrated in stems and leaves, and the total plant content was 77.6%.
During the growth and development stages of winter wheat, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients absorbed is: before the emergence to the greening stage, the absorbed nutrients and accumulated dry matter are less; after regreening, the absorption rate increases, from jointing to heading is the absorption of nutrients and The fastest period of accumulation of dry matter; after flowering, the absorption rate of nutrients gradually decreases. There are two peaks in the absorption of nitrogen by winter wheat: one is from tillering to wintering, and the other is from jointing to booting, and the latter peak is far greater than the previous peak. According to the analysis of winter wheat plants with a yield of 6188 kg/ha, the nitrogen absorbed by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in the vegetative growth stage accounts for 40% of the total growth period, phosphorus accounts for 20%, and potassium accounts for 20%; from jointing to flowering, wheat absorbs nutrients. At the peak of the period, it absorbs about 48% of nitrogen, 67% of phosphorus, and 65% of potassium. After the grain is formed, the absorbed nutrients are significantly reduced. Therefore, there should be sufficient nitrogen and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium nutrition in the wheat seedling stage. According to the fertility regularity and nutritional characteristics of wheat, base fertilizer should be applied and early topdressing should be applied. The amount of base fertilizer should generally account for 60%-80% of the total fertilization amount, and the topdressing fertilizer should account for 40%-20%.
base fertilizer
The base fertilizer of wheat should be based on farmyard manure and combined with fertilizer application. Applying the base fertilizer plays an important role in cultivating strong seedlings and promoting effective tillering and grain development. The application rate of top dressing varies greatly depending on the local conditions. Generally, based on 30-75 tons of farmyard manure per hectare, a certain amount of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer should be applied in the north, and nitrogen should be applied in the southern winter wheat area. Potassium or nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer.
Generally, in the land with high soil fertility, 1/3 of nitrogen fertilizer can be used as the base fertilizer. Urea is 75-150 kg per hectare or 225-300 kg of ammonium bicarbonate. If the soil fertility is high, the amount of fertilizer used in the farm is large, the base fertilizer may not be applied with nitrogen fertilizer, and all the nitrogen fertilizer is used as the preparation fertilizer. For medium-fermented plots, 1/2 of the nitrogen fertilizer can be used as the base fertilizer, applying 112.5-225 kg of urea per hectare or 375-600 kg of ammonium bicarbonate. For low-fermentation plots, 2/3 of the nitrogen fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer, and 150-255 kg of urea per hectare or 450-750 kg of ammonium bicarbonate. In plots with low fertility and no irrigation water conditions, nitrogen fertilizer is usually used as the base fertilizer. Generally, in the wheat field where the soil available phosphorus is less than 20 mg/kg, the phosphate fertilizer should be added. Apply 450-750 kg of calcium phosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate per hectare. The base fertilizer is preferably used after mixing or stacking the phosphate fertilizer with the farmyard manure, which can reduce the contact of the phosphate fertilizer with the soil, prevent the fixation of the water-soluble phosphorus, and utilize the absorption of the wheat. When the soil available potassium is lower than 50 mg/kg, potassium fertilizer should be added to apply potassium chloride 75-150 kg per hectare. It is best to apply potassium sulphate in saline-alkali soil. When the effective zinc in the soil is less than 0.5 mg/kg, zinc fertilizer can be applied every other year, and about 15 kg of zinc sulphate per hectare.
Fertilizer
When wheat is planted, a small amount of chemical fertilizer can also be used as a seed fertilizer to ensure that the wheat can be absorbed into the nutrient in time after emergence, which has a good effect on increasing the growth of wheat before and after tillering. The application of wheat seed fertilizer in the application of insufficient base fertilizer or poor soil and late-sown wheat field has a more significant effect on yield increase. The fertilizer can be used with 30-45 kg of urea per hectare, or about 75 kg per hectare of ammonium sulfate and 75-150 kg of superphosphate. Seeds and fertilizers are best spread separately. Ammonium bicarbonate should not be used as a seed fertilizer.
top dressing
According to the needs of nutrients in various growth stages of wheat, topdressing is carried out in stages. It is described as follows:
Seedling stage
In the early stage of seedling stage, the seedling stage is usually applied with 75-150 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 45-75 kg of urea or a small amount of human excrement per hectare. Its role is to promote the growth of seedlings and increase the number of tillers before winter, especially for the lack of basic seedlings or late sowing. Low-yield soils such as muddy fields and wet fields with slow decomposition of hills and nutrients have good effect on early application of seedlings. However, for wheat fields with sufficient base fertilizer and seed fertilizer, it is not necessary to top dress in the seedling stage.
Wintering season
Also known as "Rab Fertilizer", the southern and Yangtze River basins have the habit of re-application of wax fertilizer. The application of semi-fast-acting and late-acting farmyard manure is mainly for the application of quick-acting fertilizers to promote the growth of long-rooted tillers and grow into strong seedlings, prompting the rapid transformation and upgrading of the three types of seedlings. For the northern winter wheat area, the three types of seedlings are planted late, the individual growth is poor, and there are few tillers. In the early stage of tillering, there is no top dressing. Generally, the measures of spring and winter application should be adopted. Combined with pouring water and top dressing, nitrogen fertilizer can be applied before and after the light snow. , 75-150 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per hectare or 45-75 kg of urea, for the application of seedlings, you can not apply "wafer fertilizer."
Returning to the green
For poor fertility, insufficient base fertilizer, late sowing, less tiller before winter, and weaker growing wheat fields should be chased or regained back to green fertilizer. It is advisable to apply 225-300 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 45-75 kg of urea per hectare. For the wheat fields with sufficient base fertilizer and strong growth before winter, it is generally not suitable to return to the green fertilizer.
Jointing season
Jointing fertilizer is applied after the peak of winter wheat tillering, which promotes the formation of panicles, increases the rate of ear formation, promotes the differentiation of small flowers, and strives for more large grains. The growth of young wheat at jointing stage is usually divided into three types, and corresponding topdressing and management measures are adopted. Over the Miao Miao: The leaf shape is like a pig's ear, the leaves are black and green, the leaves are wide and soft, and the leaves are drooping down. There are many branches and there is a stagnation phenomenon. It is not advisable to apply nitrogen fertilizer to such seedlings, and watering should be controlled. Strong seedlings: the leaves are shaped like ears, the leaves are longer and the color is green and green, the tips of the leaves are slightly oblique, and the branches are moderate. For this type of wheat seedlings, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be applied, 150-225 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 45-75 kg of urea per hectare, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, 75-150 kg of calcium phosphate per hectare, and 45-75 kg of potassium chloride. And with watering. Weak seedlings: The leaves are shaped like horse ears, the leaves are yellow-green, the leaves are narrow and erect, and there are few tillers, which are lack of fertilizer. For this type of wheat, more quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should be applied, 300-600 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 150-225 kg of urea per hectare.
Topping at the booting stage
The booting stage is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and the amount is small. Typically 75-150 kg of ammonium sulphate or 45-75 kg of urea per hectare.
Late fertilization
A certain amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements are still needed after wheat heading. At this time, the wheat roots are aged and the absorption capacity is weakened. Therefore, the method of root dressing is generally adopted. From the heading to the milky stage, such as yellowish leaves and yellowing and de-fertilization and premature aging, urea can be sprayed at a concentration of 1%-2%, and sprayed about 750 liters per hectare. For wheat fields with thick green leaves and a late-maturing trend, 750 liters of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed per hectare. In recent years, in the production practice, many places in the late growth stage of wheat sprayed with humic acid, nucleotides, amino acids and other growth regulators and trace elements, to play a role in increasing wheat yield.
If you encounter freezing damage, you should respond to the situation. For plots where freezing damage occurs, water and fertilizer management should be strengthened as early as possible, 20-30 kg of carbonamine per acre, followed by watering. At the same time, the nutrient-type liquid fertilizer is sprayed to promote the growth of the frozen wheat seedlings and the birth of spring sorghum, and strive for more spikes and reduce the impact of freezing damage on yield. If the pre-judgment is close to the end, the early spring crop should be replanted to make up for the loss.
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