Plant breeding and cloning

There are two types of propagation of plants. One is sexual reproduction, that is, through the combination of male and female germ cells to produce fruit and seeds, and the seeds germinate to form new individuals. Therefore, sexual reproduction is also called seed breeding or seed breeding. The other type is vegetative propagation, which means that vegetative organs of plants are not used to reproduce through sexual cells, so vegetative reproduction is also called vegetative propagation. Some lower plants such as fungi and ferns use spores to reproduce. Spores are differentiated from somatic cells and therefore also reproduce asexually. Some scholars refer to spore reproduction as vegetative reproduction, and the reproduction of higher plants with vegetative organs is known as vegetative reproduction. The organism reproduces asexually through somatic cells, and the organism (substance) with the same genetic trait is called Clone. At present, the rapid propagation of tissue cultures in which plants are grown in test tubes is called plant cloning. In fact, other methods of asexual reproduction are used, for example, ramets, layering, cuttings, grafting, or using bulbs, bulbs, tubers, tubers, etc. Breeding can also produce new individuals with identical genetic traits, also known as cloning techniques. Clones produced using cloning techniques are called clones, and clones have stable genetic properties.

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