Summer Vegetable Facilities Nursery Management Technology
2019-07-19 06:02:51
1 Selection of seedbeds Seedlings used for summer vegetable seedlings generally have to be selected on topography with high dryness, convenient irrigation and drainage, and good ventilation. The soil is loose and fertile and a plot close to the water source is established. In the summer, the occurrence of pests and diseases during nursery is heavy, and the lands that have not been planted with the same crops for 2 to 3 years should be used as much as possible. In order to facilitate drainage, the seedbed should be made of sorghum, which is 15 to 20 cm high.
2 Seedling facilities Summer vegetable seedlings In addition to seedbeds, shade and rain protection facilities must be used to make use of greenhouses, sheds, or small sheds to cover shade nets and insect nets, which can effectively reduce the adverse effects of high temperatures and heavy rain in summer on vegetable nursery.
3 Seedling methods Summer vegetable seedlings can be used soil seedlings and soilless seedlings in two ways.
1 Soil Seedlings Soil seedlings are used to cultivate seedlings. Culture soil can be made of fertile soil, 6 kinds of loamy soil not planted with the same family of vegetables, and 4 parts of decomposed high quality manure fertilizer. For each 1 square meter of culture soil, add 2~3kg compound fertilizer and 3~5kg superphosphate. When preparing the culture soil, add thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim 80g, 2.5% trichlorfon 60g per 1m2 culture soil, mix well, and cover with a plastic film for 4 to 6 days until disinfection is complete. use.
2 Soilless Seedling Soilless seedlings are used in the breeding process to use peat, vermiculite, and perlite as the substrate for raising seedlings instead of using soil as a seedling raising method. The commonly used matrix formulation for vegetable nursery is peat: vermiculite is 2:1, or peat: vermiculite: perlite is 2:1:1. Due to the absence of nutrients in the substrate for soilless seedlings, the nutrients needed for seedling growth need to be provided separately. Each compound fertilizer is added to 3 to 4 kg of compound fertilizer and 3 to 5 kg of superphosphate per 1 m2 of seedling substrate. The types and amounts of fungicides and insecticides added to the nursery substrate are the same as soil seedlings. If no fertilizer is added during the formulation of the nursery substrate, it is necessary to periodically water the nutrient solution after emergence.
4 Basic Procedures for Seedlings in Summer
4.1 Preparation of Nursery Beds and Seedling Substrates Generally, nursery beds and nursery substrates should be prepared 15 to 20 days before summer seedlings, and the soil is deep-rooted and exposed to light. Nursery beds are generally 13m wide (even ditch), taking into account the need for drainage after a heavy rainstorm in summer, A deep ditch sorghum should be made. Well-drained drainage ditch should be set up around the seedbed to ensure that the seedbed does not accumulate water after rain. For soil seedlings, the nursery culture soil can be laid directly on the seedbed with a thickness of about 10 cm; for soilless seedlings, the prepared seedling substrate needs to be put into the nursery container, and the nursery container for summer vegetable seedlings can be used for the nursery point. For trays, plastic bowls, and trays, the substrate for nursery should be placed in the appropriate nursery containers before sowing.
4.2 Determination of sowing date The sowing date of summer vegetable seedlings should be based on comprehensive consideration of planting patterns, climate characteristics, types of vegetables, and varieties selected. In summer, due to the high temperature, the seedlings grow rapidly. The period of raising the seedlings is significantly shorter than that of autumn and winter vegetables. The melons only take 15 to 20 days, the eggplants are vegetables for 30 to 35 days, and the cabbages are 25 to 30 days old. . The autumn cabbage in the Yangtze River valley is usually planted in late June. Solanaceous vegetables, which are sown in autumn, are planted in the middle and early July. Seedlings are sown in the middle and late July and early August in the melons.
4.3 Seed Treatment Different kinds of vegetable seeds have very different temperature requirements when they germinate. Some of the cool vegetable seeds grown in autumn show obvious germination inhibition when the temperature exceeds 25°C, and they do not germinate when they exceed 30°C. Different kinds of vegetable seeds should adopt different seed treatment methods. For solanaceous fruit and melon vegetable seeds, dry heat sterilization method can be adopted. The seeds are first dried in the sun to reduce the moisture content and then placed at 72 °C. 2 For ~3 days, the pathogens inside and outside the seeds can be killed and passivated. However, this method should strictly control the temperature during dry heat treatment. If the temperature is too high, the seeds may be killed. The method of soaking seed with warm soup is mostly used in the method of pouring dry seeds into hot water of 55-60° C. The water temperature is maintained within the required temperature range for 15-20 min, stirring constantly, and then the water temperature is reduced to 25-30. °C soaking again, pepper soaking time is 6h, tomato is 8h, eggplant is 24h, and finally primed with wet gauze or towel. Due to the serious viral disease during the cultivation of solanaceous vegetables in autumn, the seed can be treated with a medicament. Soaking seeds with 10% trisodium phosphate for 10 to 15 minutes has a good effect of inactivating viruses. For the cool green leafy vegetables such as lettuce, celery and other vegetable seeds, the suitable temperature for germination is 15~20°C. The seed treatment method used is completely different from the eggplant and melon vegetable seeds. Generally, the seed is soaked and put Put into the freezer of the refrigerator, or wrap the seed in a yarn bag, hang it in the well from the level of the well water 30 to 50cm to promote seed germination. The germination of the seeds left and right stopped.
4.4 Regardless of whether seedlings or soilless seedlings are to be planted in summer, the seedbeds or nursery substrates should be sowed with water before sowing. The seedlings and seedlings can be sown according to different seeding methods and different vegetable types. The use of seedlings for seedlings and seedlings for seedlings are all adopted. On-demand method, depending on the seed quality per seed sowing 1 or 2, the summer due to high temperature, evaporation, after sowing should pay attention to cover with nutrient soil, solanaceous vegetables and melon vegetables, the cover thickness of 1 ~ 1.5cm, cabbage The cover soil thickness of the genus and green leafy vegetables is 0.5 to 1 cm. The covered nutrient soil should be pre-sterilized. The fine soil is used to fill the gap between the larva and the pupa when the nutrient soil is used. For seedbeds with soil seedlings, seeding methods or sowing methods are generally adopted. In general, the seeds of cabbages and green leafy vegetables are relatively small, and sowing methods can be used. In order to ensure uniform spreading, seeds can be mixed with appropriate amount of fine soil or sand. After sowing, sowing should also cover the soil. Coverage method with soilless seedlings. The summer sowing of vegetables is generally selected in the afternoon. In summer, due to the rapid growth of vegetable seedlings, seedlings are generally not planted, and the seeding density is lower than that of winter and spring vegetables.
5 Post-nursery management
5.1 Facilities Covering Summer Vegetable Seeding After seedlings, the shade net can be directly covered on the seedbed. After the seedlings are unearthed, the shading net will be replaced with a small arch shed. Since the space of the small arch shed is short, the temperature is likely to increase after the cover is covered. Or plastic greenhouses for nursery, the shade net covering the surface of the gardening facilities, and fixed with a laminating line, the ventilation effect is better than using a small arch cover. In the summer, when the larvae are heavy, they can easily cause the spread of virus diseases. When nursery, they should be covered with insect-repellent nets as much as possible. If the torrential rains occur frequently during the nursery season, plastic film should be added to the nursery facilities to make the nursery facilities rain-proof.
5.2 Temperature Management During summer, the temperature during nursery is high, and the temperature is relatively difficult to control. After covering with shade nets, the temperature within the nursery facilities can be appropriately reduced. In the nursery management, close attention should be paid to the temperature change in the seedbed. If plastic film is used for covering, the skirt film around the facility should be completely removed to enhance ventilation; the shade net can be uncovered on a sunny and rainy night to ensure the seedling raising process. There is a certain temperature difference.
5.3 Moisture Management It is easy to produce leggy seedlings during the summer vegetable seedling raising, which has a great relationship with improper water management in the nursery. Generally, water should be poured in one shot before the seedlings, and water should not be poured during the development of the cotyledons unearthed in the seedlings. After cotyledons are unearthed, watering should be performed according to the seedlings and the substrate moisture content. The seedbed should be “better-dried and not wet†if the amount of water is large. , it is easy to cause leggy.
5.4 Lighting Management At present, shade nets have been widely used in summer cultivation of vegetables in the southern region, which plays an important role in mitigating the radiation hazards of strong light and preventing rainstorms from flushing seedlings. However, this does not mean that sunshade nets have been used throughout the nursery season. In the morning and evening when the cloudy and light conditions are not so strong, the shade net should be removed to ensure that the seedlings receive sufficient sunlight to achieve the effect of cultivating strong seedlings.
5.5 Timely top-dressing in vitro The growth of vegetable seedlings in summer is rapid. Although fertilizers have been pre-mixed in the culture soil or nursery substrate, nutrient deficiencies may exist in the nursery process. 0.2% to 0.3 should be used according to the seedling conditions during the seedling raising process. % of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were sprayed on the leaves to promote seedling growth.
5.6 Diseases and Insect Pests Prevention and Control In the summer season, diseases and insect pests frequently occur. During the nursery process, attention should be paid to the control of pests and diseases. The pests that are prone to occur during summer vegetable seedlings are aphids, cabbage caterpillars, cockroaches, and small tigers. The prone to diseases are damping-off, epidemics, blight, and viral diseases. For the prevention and control of aphids, in addition to the use of insect nets and the use of silver gray film coverage, can be used Kung Fu or Uranus EC to spray and kill. Seedlings of Brassica oleracea are prone to cabbage caterpillars, and can be controlled with high-potency Bt WP, trichlorfon, and diflubenzuron 3 and other agents. For maggots and small tigers, except that black light can be used for trapping and killing, phoxim or dichlorvos emulsions can be used to irrigate the roots, or baits can be baited and baited with wheat bran mixed with sauteed trichlorfon powder. Blemishes and epidemics can be controlled by DuPont Kelu, Dasheng, antivirus, or methoxazole and other agents; viral diseases can be controlled by agents such as virus A and phytophthora.
2 Seedling facilities Summer vegetable seedlings In addition to seedbeds, shade and rain protection facilities must be used to make use of greenhouses, sheds, or small sheds to cover shade nets and insect nets, which can effectively reduce the adverse effects of high temperatures and heavy rain in summer on vegetable nursery.
3 Seedling methods Summer vegetable seedlings can be used soil seedlings and soilless seedlings in two ways.
1 Soil Seedlings Soil seedlings are used to cultivate seedlings. Culture soil can be made of fertile soil, 6 kinds of loamy soil not planted with the same family of vegetables, and 4 parts of decomposed high quality manure fertilizer. For each 1 square meter of culture soil, add 2~3kg compound fertilizer and 3~5kg superphosphate. When preparing the culture soil, add thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim 80g, 2.5% trichlorfon 60g per 1m2 culture soil, mix well, and cover with a plastic film for 4 to 6 days until disinfection is complete. use.
2 Soilless Seedling Soilless seedlings are used in the breeding process to use peat, vermiculite, and perlite as the substrate for raising seedlings instead of using soil as a seedling raising method. The commonly used matrix formulation for vegetable nursery is peat: vermiculite is 2:1, or peat: vermiculite: perlite is 2:1:1. Due to the absence of nutrients in the substrate for soilless seedlings, the nutrients needed for seedling growth need to be provided separately. Each compound fertilizer is added to 3 to 4 kg of compound fertilizer and 3 to 5 kg of superphosphate per 1 m2 of seedling substrate. The types and amounts of fungicides and insecticides added to the nursery substrate are the same as soil seedlings. If no fertilizer is added during the formulation of the nursery substrate, it is necessary to periodically water the nutrient solution after emergence.
4 Basic Procedures for Seedlings in Summer
4.1 Preparation of Nursery Beds and Seedling Substrates Generally, nursery beds and nursery substrates should be prepared 15 to 20 days before summer seedlings, and the soil is deep-rooted and exposed to light. Nursery beds are generally 13m wide (even ditch), taking into account the need for drainage after a heavy rainstorm in summer, A deep ditch sorghum should be made. Well-drained drainage ditch should be set up around the seedbed to ensure that the seedbed does not accumulate water after rain. For soil seedlings, the nursery culture soil can be laid directly on the seedbed with a thickness of about 10 cm; for soilless seedlings, the prepared seedling substrate needs to be put into the nursery container, and the nursery container for summer vegetable seedlings can be used for the nursery point. For trays, plastic bowls, and trays, the substrate for nursery should be placed in the appropriate nursery containers before sowing.
4.2 Determination of sowing date The sowing date of summer vegetable seedlings should be based on comprehensive consideration of planting patterns, climate characteristics, types of vegetables, and varieties selected. In summer, due to the high temperature, the seedlings grow rapidly. The period of raising the seedlings is significantly shorter than that of autumn and winter vegetables. The melons only take 15 to 20 days, the eggplants are vegetables for 30 to 35 days, and the cabbages are 25 to 30 days old. . The autumn cabbage in the Yangtze River valley is usually planted in late June. Solanaceous vegetables, which are sown in autumn, are planted in the middle and early July. Seedlings are sown in the middle and late July and early August in the melons.
4.3 Seed Treatment Different kinds of vegetable seeds have very different temperature requirements when they germinate. Some of the cool vegetable seeds grown in autumn show obvious germination inhibition when the temperature exceeds 25°C, and they do not germinate when they exceed 30°C. Different kinds of vegetable seeds should adopt different seed treatment methods. For solanaceous fruit and melon vegetable seeds, dry heat sterilization method can be adopted. The seeds are first dried in the sun to reduce the moisture content and then placed at 72 °C. 2 For ~3 days, the pathogens inside and outside the seeds can be killed and passivated. However, this method should strictly control the temperature during dry heat treatment. If the temperature is too high, the seeds may be killed. The method of soaking seed with warm soup is mostly used in the method of pouring dry seeds into hot water of 55-60° C. The water temperature is maintained within the required temperature range for 15-20 min, stirring constantly, and then the water temperature is reduced to 25-30. °C soaking again, pepper soaking time is 6h, tomato is 8h, eggplant is 24h, and finally primed with wet gauze or towel. Due to the serious viral disease during the cultivation of solanaceous vegetables in autumn, the seed can be treated with a medicament. Soaking seeds with 10% trisodium phosphate for 10 to 15 minutes has a good effect of inactivating viruses. For the cool green leafy vegetables such as lettuce, celery and other vegetable seeds, the suitable temperature for germination is 15~20°C. The seed treatment method used is completely different from the eggplant and melon vegetable seeds. Generally, the seed is soaked and put Put into the freezer of the refrigerator, or wrap the seed in a yarn bag, hang it in the well from the level of the well water 30 to 50cm to promote seed germination. The germination of the seeds left and right stopped.
4.4 Regardless of whether seedlings or soilless seedlings are to be planted in summer, the seedbeds or nursery substrates should be sowed with water before sowing. The seedlings and seedlings can be sown according to different seeding methods and different vegetable types. The use of seedlings for seedlings and seedlings for seedlings are all adopted. On-demand method, depending on the seed quality per seed sowing 1 or 2, the summer due to high temperature, evaporation, after sowing should pay attention to cover with nutrient soil, solanaceous vegetables and melon vegetables, the cover thickness of 1 ~ 1.5cm, cabbage The cover soil thickness of the genus and green leafy vegetables is 0.5 to 1 cm. The covered nutrient soil should be pre-sterilized. The fine soil is used to fill the gap between the larva and the pupa when the nutrient soil is used. For seedbeds with soil seedlings, seeding methods or sowing methods are generally adopted. In general, the seeds of cabbages and green leafy vegetables are relatively small, and sowing methods can be used. In order to ensure uniform spreading, seeds can be mixed with appropriate amount of fine soil or sand. After sowing, sowing should also cover the soil. Coverage method with soilless seedlings. The summer sowing of vegetables is generally selected in the afternoon. In summer, due to the rapid growth of vegetable seedlings, seedlings are generally not planted, and the seeding density is lower than that of winter and spring vegetables.
5 Post-nursery management
5.1 Facilities Covering Summer Vegetable Seeding After seedlings, the shade net can be directly covered on the seedbed. After the seedlings are unearthed, the shading net will be replaced with a small arch shed. Since the space of the small arch shed is short, the temperature is likely to increase after the cover is covered. Or plastic greenhouses for nursery, the shade net covering the surface of the gardening facilities, and fixed with a laminating line, the ventilation effect is better than using a small arch cover. In the summer, when the larvae are heavy, they can easily cause the spread of virus diseases. When nursery, they should be covered with insect-repellent nets as much as possible. If the torrential rains occur frequently during the nursery season, plastic film should be added to the nursery facilities to make the nursery facilities rain-proof.
5.2 Temperature Management During summer, the temperature during nursery is high, and the temperature is relatively difficult to control. After covering with shade nets, the temperature within the nursery facilities can be appropriately reduced. In the nursery management, close attention should be paid to the temperature change in the seedbed. If plastic film is used for covering, the skirt film around the facility should be completely removed to enhance ventilation; the shade net can be uncovered on a sunny and rainy night to ensure the seedling raising process. There is a certain temperature difference.
5.3 Moisture Management It is easy to produce leggy seedlings during the summer vegetable seedling raising, which has a great relationship with improper water management in the nursery. Generally, water should be poured in one shot before the seedlings, and water should not be poured during the development of the cotyledons unearthed in the seedlings. After cotyledons are unearthed, watering should be performed according to the seedlings and the substrate moisture content. The seedbed should be “better-dried and not wet†if the amount of water is large. , it is easy to cause leggy.
5.4 Lighting Management At present, shade nets have been widely used in summer cultivation of vegetables in the southern region, which plays an important role in mitigating the radiation hazards of strong light and preventing rainstorms from flushing seedlings. However, this does not mean that sunshade nets have been used throughout the nursery season. In the morning and evening when the cloudy and light conditions are not so strong, the shade net should be removed to ensure that the seedlings receive sufficient sunlight to achieve the effect of cultivating strong seedlings.
5.5 Timely top-dressing in vitro The growth of vegetable seedlings in summer is rapid. Although fertilizers have been pre-mixed in the culture soil or nursery substrate, nutrient deficiencies may exist in the nursery process. 0.2% to 0.3 should be used according to the seedling conditions during the seedling raising process. % of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were sprayed on the leaves to promote seedling growth.
5.6 Diseases and Insect Pests Prevention and Control In the summer season, diseases and insect pests frequently occur. During the nursery process, attention should be paid to the control of pests and diseases. The pests that are prone to occur during summer vegetable seedlings are aphids, cabbage caterpillars, cockroaches, and small tigers. The prone to diseases are damping-off, epidemics, blight, and viral diseases. For the prevention and control of aphids, in addition to the use of insect nets and the use of silver gray film coverage, can be used Kung Fu or Uranus EC to spray and kill. Seedlings of Brassica oleracea are prone to cabbage caterpillars, and can be controlled with high-potency Bt WP, trichlorfon, and diflubenzuron 3 and other agents. For maggots and small tigers, except that black light can be used for trapping and killing, phoxim or dichlorvos emulsions can be used to irrigate the roots, or baits can be baited and baited with wheat bran mixed with sauteed trichlorfon powder. Blemishes and epidemics can be controlled by DuPont Kelu, Dasheng, antivirus, or methoxazole and other agents; viral diseases can be controlled by agents such as virus A and phytophthora.
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