"Three Autumns" Seasonal Fertilization

“Three Autumns” refers to the autumn harvest, autumn planting, and autumn planting. This is the third busy agricultural season in China (the other two are spring planting springs and “three summers”), generally starting from late September to the It ends in mid-November. During this time, we must seize the time to harvest rice, corn and other autumn harvest crops, sow winter wheat, rapeseed and other overwintering crops, and the autumn sowing of crops for pre-winter field management. The main focus of autumn and autumn crops is the preparation of soil before sowing and the rational use of basal fertilizer. In addition, Chinese cabbage such as autumn seeds, vegetables harvested in early winter, wintering vegetables, and fruit trees harvested in autumn all require fertilization and comprehensive management in autumn; northern spring wheat, potato, and other early spring crops should also be combined with straw after the harvest in the previous year. Return fields and apply organic fertilizers.

The farmer said that “the year's plan is in the spring.” In fact, the winter crops and fruit trees in the “Three Autumns” have a problem for two years or more.

Fertilization characteristics of autumn crops

Autumn crops generally require the application of basal fertilizers, and there is ample time combined with the application of organic fertilizers. Therefore, the autumn crop fertilization has the following main features:

Based on basal fat. Before the winter crop sowing, the base fertilizer and the autumn fruit base fertilizer of the fruit trees are all to meet the needs of the whole growth period of the crop and the nutrients needed before the winter. Therefore, it is generally necessary to apply the base fertilizer and apply it early. Fertilizers are generally dominated by organic fertilizers or organic fertilizers are recommended, and appropriate nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers and necessary trace element fertilizers are applied. Even for the early spring crops such as potato and spring wheat planted in the following year, it is also recommended to combine the site preparation for straw returning, application of organic fertilizer, and part of the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers after the autumn harvest.

Combined with soil preparation. Proper deep plowing or deep soil loosening can create favorable conditions for the root growth of autumn crops and the fertilization of organic fertilizers and fertilizers. Take winter wheat as an example, the autumn basal fertilizer should be combined with the improvement of soil preparation and planting quality to conduct comprehensive management. In production, often because of poor soil preparation, poor sowing quality, and unreasonable fertilization methods affecting the seedling quality, there is something wrong with the wrong quality of fertilizer. Therefore, doing a good job of "three autumns" management is also a need for agrochemical services.

Prepare fertilizer. Soil preparation requires proper lyricism. Dry fields need to be sowed with water or other rain. Organic fertilizers need to be cooked well beforehand. Fertilizers need to be purchased beforehand to ensure that they do not miss farming. Decomposition of organic fertilizers requires a time course, and organic fertilizers used in this season should be piled up in the previous season. The state is actively advocating the combination of soil testing and fertilization techniques to formulate and apply formula fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare various relevant chemical fertilizers at least 20 days in advance.

Some key technologies

Deep plowing properly. After the autumn harvest, proper deep plowing will improve the quality of soil preparation and enable the integration of soil and fertilizer and avoid seed vacancy. In cold or arid regions, especially for early spring sowing of spring wheat, potato and other crops, it also advocates the combination of cultivated land after autumn harvest and spring for organic fertilizer. Fertilizer application in autumn to ease the problem of spring fertilization is difficult to plow and easy to spread. The arable land is not always deeper and better. In arid regions, to protect the soil, regular and moderate deep ploughing is advocated in combination with no-tillage or less-plow cover technology.

Straw returned to the field. Straw returning to field should be closely coordinated with site preparation before planting; Pay attention to the soil must have a suitable sensation; Each mus of additional 3-5 kg ​​of urea to adjust the carbon and nitrogen ratio of straw to speed up straw rot. Otherwise, microorganisms will compete with the seedlings for water and nutrients, and "yellow seedlings" will even die.

One-time fertilization. Unless high-quality slow-release fertilizers are used, basal and top dressings should be applied separately. Because of the one-time application of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer, it is difficult to meet the needs of the whole growth period of the crop. However, it is often necessary to apply one-time fertilization in dry and water-stressed areas, and one-time fertilization in areas with mechanized stratified fertilization. However, it should be noted that one-time fertilization should be able to meet the nutrient needs of the whole growth period, so it is necessary to have enough amount of fertilization, and pay attention to the ratio of basal fertility. The ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus for one-time fertilization is generally 2:1 instead of 1:1 for common basal fertilizer.

Fruit trees fall fertilizer to apply early. The autumn basal manure of northern deciduous fruit trees should be applied as early as possible before or after defoliation or fruit harvesting, so that slow-acting fertilizers such as organic fertilizers can be decomposed and used by fruit trees; however, southern evergreen fruit trees, especially those that hang trees for winter storage The time for the autumn basal fertilization is not as soon as possible, and it needs to be determined as appropriate.

Seedling water and fertilizer control. This is the main content of pre-winter field management. It is necessary to comprehensively manage water and fertilizer according to the local seedling stage and soil fertility. The main goal of management is to nurture strong seedlings and ensure the safe wintering of seedlings. Taking winter wheat as an example, for late seeding, seedling thinning, and weak seedlings, it is necessary to apply some quick-acting nitrogen fertilizers in combination with irrigation, and conversely, to apply less or no fertilizers and properly control irrigation. The appropriate amount of water before freezing on the soil not only can meet the needs of crops, but also is an important measure to prevent freezing damage. Practice has proved that when the land is uneven and the irrigation is not uniform, the wheat seedlings at the high water shortage areas are the most vulnerable to frost damage.

Different measures should be taken according to local conditions. The soil and climatic conditions in different regions of China are quite different. The management of water and fertilizer should be adapted to local conditions and targeted. In arid regions such as the north and northwest, fertilization should be combined with drought-resistance sowing, and sowing and mulching should be suppressed after sowing; and in areas where paddy fields and arable crops are planted in South China, the “three ditch” should be excavated before the buckwheat and rape planting. The groundwater level is controlled below the root layer (about 60 cm) in the Xianggou, Yaogou and Weigou. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, citrus and other fruit trees are most susceptible to freezing damage. Attention should be paid to changes in weather during water and fertilizer management, and measures against cold and frost should be taken. Combine.

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