High-yielding cultivation techniques of potato in red soil
The author loves potato production and long-term research on potato high-yielding cultivation techniques. He once studied the production characteristics of red soil and the biophysiological characteristics of potato in Jiangxi Province. In 2003, he studied and formed a set of high-yielding, high-quality and high-quality cultivation techniques. Free "technology. After six years of promotion, the technology has gradually increased the potato production level in Taihe County from an average yield of 500 kg/mu to 1800 kg/mu, of which the demonstration base has exceeded 2000 kg/mu and the highest reached 2790 kg/mu. The cultivation technique is now described as follows:
First, choose a good species
According to the regional characteristics of Jiangxi Province, the varieties of vegetables used for early and mid-maturing, concentrated potato, large tuber, short dormancy period, high yield, high quality, disease-resistant insects, flat shoots, beautiful appearance, good marketability, and resistance to storage and transportation Types and export processing varieties, such as Poland 2, Dongnong 303, early Taibai, the Netherlands No. 7, Zhongshu No. 2, Kexin No. 1, Kexin No. 18 and so on. If the starch processing plant production and processing of raw materials, you should choose the middle and late-maturing high-yield, high-starch, low-reducing sugar, strong resistance varieties, such as the E potato 5,6,8,Shaoshu 1 and other varieties. For export production, mid-late-maturing varieties imported from the United States, such as Holland No. 7, Atlantic, Sharpotti, and Burrock, should be selected, but these varieties are less resistant to disease in Jiangxi Province, especially susceptibility to late The disease and black shank disease should be specially controlled.
Second, choose a good seed, quantitative use
Select tubers with smooth epidermis, obvious buds, no freeze, rotten, disease, insects, wounds, deformities, cracks, wilting tubers. The amount of seeds used should be determined according to the level of seed potatoes. The tubers of the third-level seed potato (ie, cultivars) are large and the amount of seeds used is 100-125 kg/mu; the individual tubers of the first-grade virus-free seed potatoes are small and the seed amount is 60-70 kg. / Mu; 0 (original species) is a virus-free mini-potato seed, the amount of which is generally about 15 kg/mu.
Third, seed processing
1. Difficulty in seeding and drying. A large area of ​​potato is grown, and the amount of seed potatoes is large. Seed bags can be stacked in a well-ventilated, scattered light warehouse or a greenhouse for seed trapping. It should be noted that the warehouse or greenhouse must be a clean storage shed without stacking fertilizers, pesticides, chicken manure, salt, etc. In a small area, only a small amount of seed potatoes can be sown in 10-15 days before sowing, and the seeds can be sun-dried until the skin becomes green and the buds can be exposed.
2. Cut the seed. After seeding or drying seed potatoes, the potato seeds are cut on the day of preparation or on the first night. Cultivated species generally require 30 to 35 cuts per kilogram, each weighing about 30 grams. The first grade seed potato is cut into 50 to 60 pieces per kilogram, each piece is 16 to 20 grams, and the individual potato that weighs less than 15 grams is broadcasted with whole potatoes. Level 0 (Original species) generally weighs less than 4 grams, and in principle it is also planted with whole potatoes. Individuals weighing more than 6 grams are cut longitudinally from the top to center, requiring that about 250 pieces (about a kilogram) per kilogram. It should be noted that when cutting the potato seed, the body shape must be cut and must not be cut into thin slices; each seed potato must have 1 to 2 distinct eye buds; two seeds should be prepared and put into disinfecting solution , leave one to be immersed in liquid medicine for use; knife edge should be profitable, the incision should be flat, in case of bad potatoes should be discarded; cut the knife of bad potato must be immediately put into the liquid to disinfect and change the knife, while using black and white ash ( That is, 1 part of fresh lime and 2 parts of plant ash should be mixed well.) Dip the seeds and inoculate the incision. The disinfectant should be sterilized with 70% thiophanate-methyl to form a 500-fold solution. It can be sterilized and prevented by the use of that day. The incision should be as close as possible to the bud but not to the eye. Special attention should also be paid to the following: The cut pieces of seeded potatoes must be sowed in time on the same day. If they cannot be broadcasted, they must be spread on the ground. Do not stack them overnight with a woven bag, or use this method to stack germination. Cause a lot of burning buds and broken ridges.
IV. Fertilization for soil preparation
1. Select the ground disinfection. The former planter had not planted vegetable crops such as Solanaceae, Chinese cabbage, and cabbage, and had well-drained water, preserved thick red soil in dry soil, or high-yield red rice paddy fields in autumn and winter. In the heavy land, we must disperse 375-750 kg/ha of quicklime powder during soil preparation. Potatoes grown in rice fields can be exempted from this procedure.
2. Mechanical soil preparation and fertilizer application. 1 Mechanical preparation. The promotion of suitable production machinery in site preparation, ridge development and harvesting will play an important role in accelerating the development of the potato industry. 15-30 days before sowing, large-scale mechanical rotary tillage is applied in advance, and the depth of cultivation is 25 cm. When sowing, use a ridger to ridge the ridge at a distance of 90 centimeters, and at the same time, open the fertilization ditch. 2 formula fertilization. a. Fertilizing formula (calculated by acre): dry chicken manure 12 packets (about 300 kg) + potato special "red" brand microbial organic fertilizer 25 kg + urea 10 kg + 45% ternary compound fertilizer 20 kg + chlorination Potassium 15 kg + pit manure (or clean water) 2500 kg. b. Fertilization method: The first method is to first sow the potato chips, and then use the virus-free potato planting technique to transfer the chicken manure to the seed potatoes. The microbial fertilizer and chemical fertilizer can be applied immediately after the fertilization, and then applied between the seed potatoes. With the use of mixing, can not stay, can also be applied separately, but can not be directly contact with seed potatoes; the second method is to open a good ridge while planting fertilization ditch can be chicken manure, fertilizer, microbial fertilizer applied to Ditch the bottom of the ditch, then use a small tinsel to spread the loose soil on both sides of the ditch so that the fertilizer is covered with 3 to 5 cm thick soil, and then cast manure or water to the sowing ditch, and then sowing.
V. Scientific sowing, reasonable close planting
1. Sowing time and specifications. 1 sowing time. According to the temperature distribution patterns in different regions of Jiangxi Province and different latitudes and altitudes, the specific planting time can be roughly divided into: the southern production area will be planted on November 20th and finished on December 15th; the western production area should be from November 30th. The planting will be started on December 25th; the production area in the Central and Eastern China should be planted from December 10th and finished on January 5th the following year; the northern and high-altitude production areas should be sown from December 20th to January. Finished on the 15th. In the midst of a snowstorm, it is delayed. 2 specifications. Single row ridge distance 50 cm, spacing 25 cm; large ridge double row ridge distance 90 cm, row spacing 20 cm, plant spacing 30 cm, 60,000 to 75,000 points/ha, each hole sowing 1 with bud seed. In the red soil hilly area, a yield of 30 tons/ha requires a planting density of 72,000 to 75,000 holes/ha, and more than 75,000 holes/ha increases the sweet potato rate.
2. Method of sowing. First, the seeds of the potato buds are downward (ie, inverted buds) and placed on the two edges of the sowing ditch according to the shape of the rows and rows, and cannot be in direct contact with chemical fertilizers or chicken manure. If the fertilizer is exposed and soil can be used to cover the seed, then 50 kg of straw will be used to cover the potato species along the ridge of furrows, and then the soil shall be covered with ridges. Cultivate soil method: Use a soil cultivator (large ridge and double row) to cultivating soil into ridges, cover 13 cm of soil with seed potatoes, and build a ridge height of 25-30 cm.
3. Spray-free deep tillage and herbicides. After sowing, it should be followed by the next soaking of rain or irrigation of water. After the application of 100 ml per acre of deep ploughing soil conditioner and 120 mg of trifluralin herbicide, 100 kg of water shall be sprayed all over the field.
4. Cover film and lamination film. After the drug is sprayed, cover the microfilm immediately. The third priority of the high yield management of potato in the spring and autumn is to use a colorless transparent micro-film with a thickness of 0.005 mm to cover the soil surface, and to leave the soil with the soil compacted membrane. It should be noted that spray-free deep ploughing soil conditioners must be combined with cap micro-films to increase production, otherwise they will reduce production.
Six, field management
1. Break the film in time. In general, the south began to emerge from January, gradually pushed from south to north. Especially in low-temperature years or late sowing, it started to emerge in February. At this stage, when a seedling exudation apical membrane is found, it is necessary to seize the opportunity to rupture the membrane and induce seedlings to produce membranes to prevent the seedlings from being frostbite or scald.
2. Physiological regulation. To speed up underground tuber enlargement, control leggy, increase yield, and early maturation, in the middle and early March (later north) when the potato shoots grow to 15 to 20 cm high, 15% paclobutrazol per acre is used to spray 30 kg of water per acre. The seedlings were sprayed with 30 kg of water per mu with about 20 ml per mu and about 1 kg of magnesium sulfate on March 20 and 30 kg of water.
3. Reasonably manage water. Although the potato needs large amount of water, it cannot water. Before the emergence, we should try to keep the soil moist, and in case of drought in the winter, we should pump water to resist drought. Wet water to the surface of the soil can be wet. After the rainy season in March, there should be clear drainage in the low-lying areas.
4. Disease prevention and pest control. 1 disease. Potatoes in Jiangxi Province are mainly affected by late blight. When the disease is serious, they will die in pieces later and become badly rotten. Therefore, they must be started and controlled by chemicals in early March. Methods: 52.5% peroxydiurea cyanide water dispersible granules 40 grams 1800 times liquid spraying the stems and leaves on both sides, once every 7 days, even spray 2 times. 2 Insect pests. To prevent and control underground pests, sprinkle 5% Tebutramine 1.5kg/mu with appropriate amount of sand directly in the sow-ditch when sowing; Prevent and treat pests that damage stems and leaves on the ground, and add insecticides such as 47% at the time of disease prevention. Chlorpyrifos 1500 times or 2.5% of Cypermethrin EC 2000 times at the same time to kill, under normal circumstances can be controlled once.
Seven, timely harvest
The economic harvest period of potato is mainly based on market conditions. From the beginning of April, as long as the price is good, it can be harvested at any time. If there is an order, it can be harvested according to the time required by the order. The sign of physiological maturity is that the leaves from the bottom up to the height of 2/3 of the stems and leaves gradually retreat yellow. At this time, we must seize the harvest, otherwise it will be degraded due to high temperature and reduce production. During harvesting, the stems and leaves of the ground were removed 1 to 2 days in advance, which promoted the contraction and maturation of the underground tuber skin, so as to avoid breakage of the epidermis after the soil was excavated and affect the appearance quality.
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