How important is soil organic matter? What contains high quality machine
Soil organic matter content is an important factor affecting soil formation, soil fertility, environmental protection and sustainable development of agriculture and forestry. Under the background of long-term unreasonable application of chemical fertilizers, the content of organic matter decreased significantly, and the degradation of cultivated land was prominent. Therefore, rationally increasing soil organic matter content is of great significance for maintaining and improving the quality of cultivated land and promoting the sustainable development of modern agriculture. Today, Xiaobian will explain in detail the issues related to soil organic matter.
What is soil organic matter?
Soil organic matter refers to the organic matter contained in the carbon contained in the soil, including the residues of various animals and plants, microorganisms and various organic matter which will be decomposed and synthesized. Soil organic matter is an important component of the soil solid phase. It is the most active part of the soil and the basis of soil fertility. Although the soil organic matter content accounts for only a small part of the total soil, its role is important. of.
Soil organic matter source
Soil organic matter refers to organic compounds containing carbon in the soil. The source of organic matter in the soil is very extensive. Soil organic matter can be divided into humus and non-humus. Microorganisms are the earliest source of soil organic matter. The following ingredients are important sources of soil organic matter:
1) Plant residues
It includes litter of various plants, dead plants and roots. This is the main source of soil organic matter in the natural state.
2) Animals, microbial residues
Includes residues of soil and non-soil animals, and residues of various microorganisms. This part of the source is relatively small. But for the original soil, microbes are the earliest source of soil organic matter.
3) Excreta and secretions
Although this part of the source of soil organic matter is small, it plays a very important role in the transformation of soil organic matter.
4) Waste water residue
Artificially applied various organic fertilizers (green manure, compost, manure, etc.) in the soil, industrial and agricultural and domestic wastewater, waste residue, etc., as well as various microbial products, organic pesticides, etc.
Current status of soil organic matter
In recent years, due to the lack of land for land use, the organic matter of cultivated land in China has shown a downward trend, which directly affects the quality of cultivated land. If it cannot be controlled, it will further affect the food supply and affect the health and life of the people.
The data show that the organic carbon content of some cultivated land in Northeast China, Fujian-Guangdong-Xiong District, Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet Region showed a significant downward trend in recent years, which seriously reduced soil fertility. The pH of the cultivated land is reduced, the soil is compacted, and the fertility is reduced, which is not conducive to the absorption of nutrients by the crop. At the same time, long-term chemical input is too large, which is unfavorable for the formation of soil organic matter.
Although the straw-returning practice has been adopted in some areas of China, the decline in organic matter in cultivated land has slowed down, but the organic matter content is still very low compared to healthy soil. The extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, incineration of straw, sewage irrigation, agricultural film cover, and herbicide weeding are all causes of a decline in organic matter and a decrease in soil animal and microbial diversity.
The content of soil organic matter varies greatly among different soils, and the content is as high as 20% or more (such as peat soil, some fertile forest soils, etc.), and the content is less than 1% or 0.5% (such as desert soil). And wind sand, etc.). In soil science, the soil containing more than 20% of the organic matter in the tillage layer is generally referred to as organic soil, and the soil containing less than 20% of the organic matter is called mineral soil. In healthy soils, the soil organic matter content of the tillage layer is usually above 5%.
How to improve soil organic matter
The lack of organic matter seriously affects the effective supply of nutrients to crops, and it is difficult to increase grain yield. It is imperative to improve the organic quality of soil. Specifically, the following methods can be used:
First, increase the application of organic fertilizer. Rational fertilization, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer can be used to complement each other and balance fertilization. At the same time, organic fertilizer plays an important role in improving the utilization rate of fertilizer, increasing crop yield, improving the quality of agricultural products, improving microbial activity, inhibiting soil-borne diseases, enhancing crop stress resistance, and promoting crop early maturity. .
Second, plant green manure. Green manure refers to all green plants that can be ploughed into the soil as a fertilizer. After being applied to the soil, the green manure is comprehensive and long-lasting, and can provide abundant nutrients for the soil. After the green manure is pressed into the soil, the complex decomposing mineralization is carried out under the action of microorganisms, and the elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are returned to the soil to provide sufficient mineral elements for the crop.
Third, the straw is returned to the field. Straw returning is directly adding organic matter to the soil. Straw contains certain elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and is rich in cellulose and protein. Therefore, many countries have used straw returning as an effective measure for soil improvement and fertilization in agricultural production.
At present, the main methods of returning straw to China include: direct returning to the field, stacking and returning to the field, rapid decomposing and returning to the field, and straw no-tillage. With the continuous advancement of straw returning technology, straw rapid decomposing technology and no-till straw returning technology will have broad application prospects in the future due to the good demonstration effect.
Fourth, conservation tillage. Conservation tillage reduces soil turnover. For example, measures such as less tillage, no-tillage, and cover are used to reduce and control the supply of soil oxygen and to weaken microbial decomposition activities. In this way, soil organic matter can be maintained while providing nutrients, increasing energy and maintaining stable content.
Soil organic matter is a warehouse that provides nutrients for crop growth and development. It is a large family of soil nutrients and one of the important indicators for judging soil fat and thinness standards. How to increase and maintain the soil organic matter content and increase the output of agricultural crops is the main task of agricultural production, and it also puts a new mission for every farmer.
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