The symptoms and characteristics of fat damage and the types of fertilizers and the causes
As the saying goes, "a crop of flowers, all rely on fat to become a master." Scientific and rational fertilization can not only maintain and improve soil fertility in vegetable fields, but also increase vegetable yield, improve quality and enhance stress resistance.
However, if the application is excessive, it is good to do bad things, and in severe cases, it will cause fat. Of course, not only excessive application, but also the fertilizer variety, application method, application period, and fertilizer characteristics of the crop are easy to produce fertilizer. Let's first look at the types of fertilizers and the causes.
Nutrient concentration is too high
Chemical fertilizers or organic fertilizers tend to use too much total amount at one time, exceeding the amount required for vegetables. In the case of insufficient soil moisture, it is easy to cause excessive soil salt concentration.
Cause: Due to the high salinity in the soil, the function of most vegetables to absorb nutrients and water is blocked. Seriously, even the water in the cells flows into the soil, causing reverse osmosis, which leads to dehydration of the root cells of the vegetables.
Symptoms: Dehydration of vegetables, burning seedlings, root burning, dead seedlings, leaf deformities, etc. Plant hair is like frost or boiled water. Lightly affects growth. In severe cases, the crops gradually die and die.
There are 3 cases when fertilization is prone to excessive concentration of fertilizer.
Improper fertilization
We need to clarify a concept. The strongest root absorption is the white root and root hair areas outside the root system. If the quick-acting fertilizer is applied directly to the main root, it will burn root due to the high concentration of the soil solution.
Excessive fertilizer application
The amount and concentration of fertilization must be well grasped. The above picture shows that the cucumber is fertilized due to excessive application of the base fertilizer, and the area is wilted. At the time of foliar application, attention should also be paid to the high concentration of foliar fertilizer, which leads to the loss of water in the leaves of the leaves and the appearance of focal leaves.
Application of unfermented organic fertilizer
The application of organic fertilizer can meet the nutrients required by the plant, but it must be applied to the decomposed, if it is too troublesome to use commercial organic fertilizer. It is a decomposed organic manure that continues to decompose in the soil, which will acidify the soil and release heat. At the same time, it can carry a large number of germs and parasite eggs, which can easily lead to fat damage and disease.
Gas poisoning
Mainly refers to ammonia, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide gas poisoning. Most of it comes from the decomposition and volatilization of fertilizers.
Ammonia poisoning
Nitrogen and organic fertilizers will evaporate ammonia, especially in low-temperature, alkaline soil environments. When the ammonia concentration reaches a certain amount, acute damage will occur in the upper part of the vegetable, the mesophyll tissue will collapse, the chlorophyll will disintegrate, and spots or blocky dark brown spots will appear between the veins, causing the whole plant to die in severe cases.
Nitrous acid gas poisoning
Nitrous acid gas, ie, nitrogen dioxide, when the local temperature is low and the soil permeability is poor, after the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrification process of nitrogen fertilizer will be hindered, and the nitrite nitrogen will accumulate in the soil. In the case of acidic soil, the nitrous acid gas will be Will overflow a lot. The nitrite damage is divided into acute and chronic, mainly affecting the leaves. Acute type: Many white necrotic spots are formed on the leaves, and severe spots are contiguous or dead. Chronic type: only the tip of the leaf or the leaf edge is yellowed first, then the middle is extended, and the diseased part is dry after whitish.
Sulfur dioxide gas poisoning
After applying a large amount of raw cake fertilizer and organic manure in the shed, due to the high temperature, a large amount of hydrogen sulfide is generated during the decomposition process, and hydrogen sulfide is further oxidized in the air to form sulfur dioxide. The sulfur dioxide gas enters the blade from the pores, dissolves and infiltrates into the water of the cell wall, causes the mesophyll tissue to lose swell pressure and wilting, produces water stain spots, and finally turns white, and there are well-defined point or block necrotic spots on the leaves. In severe cases, the spots can be connected into pieces, causing all leaves to be yellow.
Salt accumulation type
Due to the large amount of fertilization, some of the soluble salts in the soil will accumulate on the surface as shown above. The high content of salt on the surface causes severely blocked root growth, and some plots cannot even be cultivated. The hazard symptoms are mainly dwarfing the plants, the leaves are dark green and have a hardening sensation, the heart leaves are curled, the young leaves and the flower buds have dry tips, the roots turn brown and even die, the fruit grows slowly, and the plants with severe damage may even appear wilting. withered.
Toxic and harmful substances
Improper control of biuret, free acid, trichloroacetaldehyde (acid) and heavy metal elements in fertilizers can also cause vegetable fat damage. Usually these harmful substances accumulate in plants, damage roots and destroy plant health, so they are not explained one by one.
Brief description of control measures
Crop fat damage can be artificially controlled. As long as you master the performance, characteristics, and scientific application of various fertilizers, the phenomenon of fertilizer damage can be avoided.
â— Rational fertilization is based on the fertilizer requirement of vegetables, soil fertility characteristics and fertilizer effects. It is measured before application and applied at a concentration, especially if the nitrogen fertilizer is not excessive at one time. The concentration of foliar spray should not be too high.
â— Add organic fertilizer to the organic fertilizer applied to the soil, have strong adsorption capacity for cations, so that the concentration is not too high, improve the buffering capacity of soil nutrients, greatly reduce the occurrence of fertilizer damage, and choose high-quality sea spirits. Biostimulant. Note that organic manure fertilizer must be fermented and then applied, especially in poultry manure to ferment organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer.
â— Adding biological fertilizers Biological fertilizers not only have the ability to produce a large amount of active substances, but also have functions such as nitrogen fixation, phosphorus dissolving, potassium dissolving, inhibiting plant rhizosphere pathogens, regulating the composition of soil microbial flora, improving soil ecological environment, and reducing The occurrence of pests and diseases increases the resistance of vegetables.
â— Use the correct fertilization method to use the base fertilizer. Do not apply the fertilizer (especially nitrogen fertilizer) to the soil surface. The depth of fertilization should be 5~10cm.
Keep the proper distance from the vegetable plants when topdressing. Generally speaking, it should be about 10cm away from the root of the vegetable, and it should be applied deep, and the soil should be covered immediately after topdressing. When the soil is too dry, it is necessary to fill the water in time to prevent rooting. When the fertilizer is sprayed on the foliage, the suitable concentration of various trace elements is generally 0.01% to 0.1%, and the large amount of elements is 0.3% to 1.5%.
Fertilizer and seed can not be directly contacted when applying fertilizer, keep the seed ectopic, and the dosage should not be too large, and can not be mixed with ammonium bicarbonate, superphosphate, urea, lime nitrogen and other chemical fertilizers to avoid burning or burning .
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