Pear Tree Fertilization Technology

2022-10-05 08:07:17

The pear tree is one of the most important fruit trees in China. Pear trees are cultivated throughout the country. Pear trees have a strong ability to adapt to the soil. Mountains, hills, deserts, depressions, and saline-alkali lands all have the ability to grow, and they are taught to obtain high yields. The varieties and varieties of pear trees are numerous, and some late-maturing varieties are extremely resistant to storage and transportation, which is of great significance for ensuring the annual supply of fruits and regulating the market. The fruit of pear has a certain medical value. It has functions such as digestion aid, lungs and pure heart, phlegm and cough, and antipyretic fever. It is rich in sugar, protein, fat, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin , ascorbic acid, phosphorus, calcium, iron and other nutrients.
First, the pear tree needs fertilizer characteristics (A) the pear's environmental requirements pear temperature requirements and types and varieties, a great difference between different tree species; which originated in Northeast China's Qiu Zi pear minimum temperature requirements, dormancy Temperature requirements during the growing and growing season range from -4.9 to -13.3Â°C and 14.7 to 18Â°C. The Pyramid system and the pear system have moderate temperature requirements, and the dormancy and growth period temperature requirements range from -2 to 3.5Â°C and 18.1. ~22.2 Â°C; The native southern pear system has higher temperature requirements, and the dormancy and growth temperature requirements range from 5 to 17 Â°C and 15.8 to 26.9 Â°C. Therefore, attention must be paid to the temperature requirements of pear varieties when introducing them.
The pear tree is a joyful fruit tree. Only sufficient light can produce a good harvest. Studies have shown that different light intensities have a significant impact on the fruit branch distribution, fruit size, and fruit quality of pears. The higher the relative light intensity, the higher the pear fruit weight and soluble solids content.
The soil water requirement of pear trees varies depending on the strains. The water requirement of the sand pear system is the highest. Generally, the annual rainfall is more than 1000 mm. The requirements for the water content of the pear and Pear system are medium. It is generally required that the annual rainfall be above 650 mm, and the varieties of Qiuzi pear system should be more tolerant to drought, and the annual rainfall of about 400 mm can be grown.
Pear trees do not require high soil conditions. Different soil types can be cultivated. However, the quality of pear fruit in different soils is different, especially the soil texture conditions. In general, soils with looser soil, well-drained sandy soil, sandy loam soil, and light loam have good quality and show fine meat quality. The core is small and sweet. However, the quality of the pear fruit produced on clay with a heavy soil texture is liable to be poor. The pear fruit has a coarse texture, a large core, a mild and acidic taste, and a lot of water. Therefore, attention should be paid when planting pears.
(B) the nutritional characteristics of pear tree pear is a perennial woody plant, woody plants and their own nutritional characteristics.
1. The pear tree has the characteristics of storage nutrition Pear tree The amount of nutrients stored in the previous year of the pear tree directly affects the nutritional status of the pear tree, not only affects the uniformity of its budding and flowering, but also affects the level of fruit setting and Fruit growth and development. The amount of nutrients stored in the year directly affects the growth and flowering results of pear trees in the next year.
Studies on nitrogen nutrition in pear trees show that the fastest growing nitrogen content in the crown canopy is the first few weeks after germination in spring, and it is also the period of vigorous growth of flowers and shoots; the nitrogen supply from this period mainly comes from the tree. The storage of nutrients in the body, this part of the storage of nutrition is pears in the leaves before the synthesis and storage of protein stored in the leaves, pears to the early spring flowers and shoot growth of nutrients. Therefore, in the first few weeks after sprouting, the vegetative growth of the pear tree mainly depends on the status of nutrients such as nitrogen stored in the pear tree. Autumn pears supply N, P, and other nutrients promptly after they are harvested, helping to promote the flowering results and growth of pears in the following year.
2. Pear tree nutrient demand characteristics Different ages of pear trees require different rules. The saplings are dominated by long treesâ€”the expansion of the canopy and the placement of skeletons. After that, they gradually transition to results. Due to the different requirements of each period, the demand for nutrients varies. The main nutrients needed for pear tree seedlings are nitrogen and phosphorus, especially phosphorus, which has a good effect on the growth and development of plant roots. Establishing a good root structure is a prerequisite for a well-structured, robust growth of the pear tree crown. The nutrient requirements of adult fruit trees are mainly nitrogen and potassium, especially because the harvesting of fruits has taken away a lot of nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. If they cannot be supplemented in time, it will seriously affect the growth and yield of pears in the coming year.
There are certain relationship between the results of the pear tree and the varieties, but most of the varieties are dominated by the short fruit branch; some varieties mainly have the ability to carry out the results of the flower buds, and the long branch results are the main factors, and the growing trend is weakened when they enter adulthood. , Gradually turn to a completely short branch. Therefore, in the growth of pear trees, there is a continuous replacement process with the increase of age, and the quantity and proportion of nutrient demand will also change accordingly.
The flower buds of pear trees began to differentiate in June of the previous year. Flowering and fruit development were completed within the year. The whole process took two years. Therefore, it was manifested in nutrition, and attention was paid to the vegetative growth of pear trees. The balance of reproductive growth and the balance between vegetative growth and fruit development.
(c) The root system of pear trees is more developed. Generally, the roots of pear trees are much larger than those of apple trees. The penetrating ability of the root system is also very strong. In thicker soil layers, the roots of pear trees can be as deep as 3 meters or less, and the soil layer whose roots are concentrated is 20 to 60 centimeters. The horizontal distribution of the roots of pear trees is also relatively wide, and can generally reach 4 times the canopy. Because the pear tree has a deep and wide root system, it can absorb water and nutrients in a large range of soil. Therefore, it is relatively resistant to soil and moderate drought. However, in order to improve the nutritional status of pears, it is still necessary to pay attention to the improvement and fertilization of deep soil.
Second, the pear tree fertilization technology (a) more application of organic fertilizer, fertilization improved soil organic fertilizer not only contains the various nutrients needed for the growth of pear trees, but also can improve the structure of the soil, increase soil nutrient buffer capacity, increase soil The ability to retain water, improve the ventilation of the soil, and reduce the root growth resistance of the soil are conducive to the growth and development of pear trees.
(2) Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer Nitrogen is one of the larger nutrient elements required for pears. It absorbs about 0.4-0.6 kg of nitrogen per 100 kg of fruit. The use of nitrogen fertilizer has a great influence on the growth and development of pear trees. Appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer in a certain range has the effect of increasing the number of branches and leaves of pear trees, enhancing tree vigor and increasing yield. However, if nitrogen fertilizer is used excessively, it will cause the shoots to be lengthy, which not only causes a drop in fruit setting rate, but also a decrease in yield. Moreover, the quality and the resistance to storage will both deteriorate, which will easily lead to the imbalance of pears and induce physiological diseases such as calcium deficiency. Pear black heart disease is relatively large compared with the pear-tree nitrogen and calcium, calcium content is relatively low.
Among the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the saplings of pear trees need more nitrogen, followed by potassium, and less absorbed phosphorus, which is about 1/5 of the amount of nitrogen. After the results, the proportion of NPK absorbed by pear trees was similar to that of saplings, but the absorption of P increased to about 1/3 of that of N. There should be a difference in fertilization. Generally during the sapling period, according to the size of the tree, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied by the pear tree is 5 to 10 kg of nitrogen per year in pure nitrogen, and it gradually increases to 15 to 20 kg after entering the result period. The variety can be increased to 25 kg.
The absorption of nitrogen by pear tree was the most during the growth period of new shoots and the expansion of young fruit, followed by the second expansion of fruit, and the absorption of fruit after harvest was relatively less. Therefore, the application of nitrogen fertilizer mainly has three periods. The first fertilization stage is to apply a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer before flowering after germination, which can increase the fruit setting rate, promote the growth of branches and leaves, help to increase the fruit ratio, and maintain the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth. Especially for saplings and trees with weaker tree vigor, topdressing nitrogen fertilizers to prevent excessive growth of pears and affecting fruiting. The second fertilization period is the period after the growth of new shoots. Before the second enlargement period of fruit, appropriate topdressing of nitrogenous fertilizer and application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers will help improve the yield and improve the quality; but do not pursue the application too early to prevent pears. The vegetative overgrowth of the tree affected the sugar content and quality of the pear fruit; the amount of fertilizer used in this period was about 1/5 of the annual nitrogen fertilizer application amount. The third fertilization period is timely preparation of the pear fruit before harvest can prepare for the budding and flowering results in the coming spring; generally, the application amount in this period is about 1/5 of the annual nitrogen application amount. For pear trees with weaker vigor and more results, if the base fertilizer cannot be topdressed in time after harvesting, a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer may be properly applied and phosphorus and potash fertilizers may be used in combination to restore tree vigor and alleviate tree nutrient deficiency. To prepare for the growth and development of pears in the coming year.
(3) Appropriate application of P and K fertilizers P and K are also the nutrient elements for pears requiring large amounts. Each production of 100 kilograms of fruit needs to absorb about 0.1 to 0.25 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 0.4 to 0.6 kg of potassium oxide. The results of the pear tree tests showed that the application of phosphorus and potash fertilizers increased by 50% to 85% compared to single application of nitrogen fertilizers. The application of P and K can not only increase the yield of pear tree, but also promote the growth and development of roots, increase the photosynthetic products in the leaves to the stem, root, fruit and other parts of the collaborative transport, while the phosphorus fertilizer has a very significant root-causing effect, moderate phosphorus fertilizer depth Shi Ke promotes the extension of the root system to the deep layers of the soil, which can significantly increase the drought resistance of fruit trees and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Studies have shown that: the saplings of young pears and trees need different amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. In general, the young trees need less phosphorus, and potassium is required to be equivalent to nitrogen. However, the appropriate application of some phosphorus fertilizers to young trees can significantly promote the growth of fruit trees. The proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is 1:0.5:1 or 1:1:1. After entering the result period, the proportion of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer should be increased appropriately. The ratio of suitable N,P and K is 2:1:3 or 1: 0.5:1, but in the specific application, soil properties need to be taken into account. For the Yellow River alluvial gold production areas in the Loess Plateau, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, etc., the soil contains more calcium and less phosphorus. In practical application, the base fertilizers (or autumn topdressing) after the harvest of the main autumn fruits of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied, which should account for more than half of the total amount of fertilizers. The rest can be used as fruit-promoting fertilizers and fruit extracts for the rapid expansion of two fruits of pears. Before the end of supplement nutrient.
Different from apple trees, when pears contain high contents of available phosphorus and potassium, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers often have no fertilizer effect. Only the combination of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer can achieve good results.
(4) The rational application of boron, zinc, iron, and other trace elements fertilizers to apply boron fertilizer can significantly reduce the incidence of fruit pear disease. Increase the fruit setting rate and reduce the formation of corky areas in the flesh. For pears that are potentially deficient in boron and lightly deficient in boron, an aqueous borax solution with a concentration of 0.3% to 0.4% can be sprayed at full bloom. Boron-depleted soil can be applied with 100-250 g of borax per fruit tree before germination, and the effective period can reach 3 to 5 years. If the borax aqueous solution with a concentration of 0.3%-0.4% is sprayed at the full flowering stage, the effect is more effective. it is good.
The application of Zn fertilizer has obvious effects on the treatment of leaf spot and lobular disease of pear trees. The recovery rate of diseased branches is generally over 90%. It can increase the fruit rate of pear trees, increase the yield of pear fruit, and can increase the nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium in leaves. The level of content, etc. The more effective spraying method is to apply 0.2% of zinc sulfate and 0.3% to 0.5% of urea mixed solution in time after onset of spraying, can also be sprayed 3 weeks after the fall of pear trees in spring, or 6% before germination. The 8% aqueous solution of zinc sulfate can play a preventive role. The effect of zinc sulphate in soil is poor, and the effect of applying chelated zinc fertilizer is better, but the cost is higher, and the generally more economic and effective prevention and control is still mainly spraying. The application of large amounts of organic fertilizers can, to some extent, reduce the risk of zinc deficiency.
There is no effective method for the correction of iron deficiency and chlorosis in pear trees. Commonly used methods have better results: soil application, and more use of "local iron-rich method", that is, ferrous sulfate and cake fertilizer (bean cake, peanut cake, cottonseed cake) and ammonium sulfate are mixed in a weight ratio of 1:4:1. Before the budding of the fruit trees, the basal fertilizer is applied to the soil layers with more fine roots. The application amount of each fruit tree is controlled at 3 to 10 kg depending on the size of the fruit trees and the degree of yellow flowers. The effect of direct spraying of ferrous sulfate on leaves is generally poor. The application of a mixture of iron fulvic acid and urea is slightly less effective. The concentration of spraying is 0.3% of ferrous sulfate and 0.5% of urea. Spray once a week. Where conditions permit, a strong tree trunk injection machine can also be used for xylem sulphate injection, although the effect is good, the application amount is also very small, generally only about 1% of the soil, but this method is only suitable for adulthood In fruit trees, the range of doses injected is narrow, and improper application can easily affect the normal growth of pear trees.
(5) Time and method of fertilizing pear trees The fertilization of pear trees should be based on basal fertilizer. The best basal application time is autumn, and early maturing varieties are carried out after fruit harvesting. Since autumn is the second peak of rapid growth of pear roots, the roots after fertilization are more likely to heal wounds and play a role in root trimming, which promotes the germination of new roots, facilitates the absorption and accumulation of nutrients, and organic fertilizers. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers that need to be applied in the base should be applied in a timely manner to facilitate the accumulation of nutrients in pear trees and timely adjustment and supplementation. The application time of topdressing has certain differences due to the different tree potentials, and it usually takes place before germination, flowering, and fruit expansion.
The specific method of fertilization depends on the size of the tree. When the tree is small, round fertilization is generally adopted. The location of the fertilization is 0.5 to 2.5 meters outside the crown, and the width of the width is 20 to 40 centimeters and the depth is 20 to 30 centimeters. The fertilizer is mixed with the soil and then applied into the ditch, and the ditch is filled. It is best to use whole-garden fertilization for adult pears, and combine fertiliser into soil. Since the roots of pear trees are mainly concentrated in the 20 to 60 cm range of the soil layer, and the growth of the root system has obvious fertility, it is advisable to apply a depth of 20 to 40 cm deep to the organic fertilizers and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to increase the root depth. The depth and breadth of the root distribution increase the absorption of pear trees, improve drought resistance and tree solidity.