Key Techniques for Large Cherry Field Cultivation
In recent years, the planting scope and production scale of cherries have been continuously expanding, forming the Bohai Bay Production Area, the Yellow River's old road production area, the low-altitude production areas of the Loess Plateau, the southwest high-level real estate areas and the Xinjiang desert marginal production areas, and over 20 in China. Provinces, including Shandong, Dalian and Qinhuangdao in the Bohai Bay area, are advantageous production areas.
The cherries that are cultivated in open fields have poor ability to resist severe weather, and cultivation techniques are of great significance for improving the benefits.
I. Garden selection
Big cherries are vulnerable to low temperatures, droughts, winds, hail and other disasters. When constructing a garden, it is necessary to choose a plot with high groundwater, low groundwater level, and low water content, and windbreak forests can be established as required. At the same time, it is necessary to choose sandy loam or loam with a deep soil layer, good air permeability, and neutral to slightly acidic (pH 6.5-7.5 is appropriate), and it is not possible to re-pour it with peach trees. Before the planting, soil deep turning must be carried out to increase the soil permeability and organic matter content and reduce the soil bulk density. Soils with high soil and organic matter content have strong buffering capacity for rainwater and are suitable for cultivation of large cherries.
Second, rootstock and species selection
At present, the major cherry rootstocks include Daqingye, Guisila, Mahali, and Khao Te, which have their own characteristics and are different in drought resistance, anti-mite and disease resistance. Therefore, according to the actual situation to choose the appropriate rootstock, for example, Gisela 5 dwarfing strong, Mahari anti-root cancer.
According to the mature period, the big cherries can be divided into early maturing cultivars (30-40 days of fruit development), mid-maturing cultivars (40-50 days of fruit development), and late maturing cultivars (more than 50 days of fruit development). Early-maturing varieties include red light, yellow honey, Italian early red, etc. Pioneer and Naon are late-maturing varieties. According to the local climatic conditions, select the appropriate mature varieties. In recent years, China has gradually introduced self-made varieties such as Stanley, Rabins, brilliant red, and new stars from abroad, and its output and quality are better. It is worth promoting in production.
Third, shaping pruning
The traditional big cherry tree is usually shaped like a happy heart. In recent years, newly-cultivated orchards have been generally used for dry cultivation, and spindle-shaped cultivation is a practical tree with early-fruiting and high-yield cultivation. The planting density is determined according to site conditions, species, shaping methods and management levels. The row spacing is 2 to 5 meters and 3 to 6 meters. For trees with compact, easy-to-produce varieties, such as sand millet, early mortal, Spakri, Pioneer, etc., the plant spacing can be 2 to 2.5 meters and 4 meters long: varieties with strong growth, such as the red light, the early morning, the Saami Take off, can use 3 meters 4 meters of row spacing.
After the big cherries are planted, the general species can start the results after 3 years. Pruning in the growing season, the main use of carved buds, picking the heart, tipping, thinning, etc., from May to June on the branches of the year for topping, twisting tips, 7 to August to eliminate dense branches. Pruning in winter is mainly to adjust the tree shape appropriately, and update the result sticks.
Fourth, pollination
Big cherries start from flower buds sprouting, go through processes such as flowering, leaf development, shoots, fruit development, flower bud differentiation, deciduous, dormancy, etc., fruit development period (from flowering to fruit maturation) 30-60 days, open cultivating cherry in May It matures later.
Most large cherry varieties are either self-fruited or have low seed setting rate, and appropriate pollination trees must be configured in the production. The ratio of 3:1 or 2:1 for the main cultivars and pollination cultivars is appropriate. Pollination varieties are best selected for fruit with good economic traits, large pollen, and basically the same flowering period as the main cultivar. In production, Pioneer, Rabins, Stanley and Renée are ideal pollination varieties.
V. Frost protection during flowering
Big cherries are fruit trees that are warm and cold-tolerant. The open-air cultivation requires an average annual temperature of 7°C to 14°C. More than 15 °C flowering, fruiting less. Low temperature and rain during flowering can cause poor pollination and fertilization and reduce yield. The critical temperature for freezing damage during the bud stage of big cherry is 1°C～2°C, and all buds will be frozen when the temperature is less than -3°C for more than 4 hours. Smoke in the orchard is an effective measure to prevent frost in the spring. The key to this method is to keep the smoke above the orchard.
Sixth, fertilizer and water management
After the big cherries enter the high-yield period, the management level of fertilizer and water not only affects the current year's output of big cherries, but also affects the production of the next year. According to the age, tree vigor, soil fertility, and the characteristics of the fertilizer required, the type, amount, and period of fertilizer should be mastered. Fertilization should pay attention to several key periods. The first is autumn basal fertilizer. From September to November, organic fertilizers are mainly used to fertilize 2000-3000 kilograms of manure, supplemented with appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, or trace fertilizer. The second is topdressing before flowering, mainly nitrogenous fertilizer, the results of the tree urea 1.5 kg, promote budding and flowering. Generally do not top-dressing during hard-core development to avoid affecting fruit quality. The third is top dressing after fruit harvest. About 10 days after harvest, a large number of flower buds were differentiated, and quick-acting compound fertilizers should be applied. The main phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied, and 0.4-0.6 kg per plant was applied to increase nutrient accumulation and promote flower bud differentiation.
Watering large cherry can be done in the following critical periods. Pre-flowering water: germination to flowering stage to meet the leaf, flowering water demand, is conducive to the formation of flower buds. Promote fruit and water: After the flower is grown, it is carried out before the fruit matures. At this time, the tree grows vigorously and is most sensitive to the water supply. It can be watered 2 or 3 times. Post-harvest water: The fruit is picked after it has been picked. At this time, the flower buds are differentiated and the amount of water is suitable for the wet land. Frozen water: After basal fertilization in autumn, it should be poured thoroughly. During the period from the fruit turning period to the beginning of the coloring period, it is forbidden to flood the area with water to prevent cracking.
VII. Pest Control
The major pests and diseases that harmed the cherry were leaf spot disease, mulberry white worm, stream gum disease, leafhopper, and red neck beetle. After falling leaves in winter, the diseased branches and diseased leaves were removed and burned or buried deeply. A 3 to 5 Baume degree lime sulfur agent was sprayed before the spring sprout to reduce the number of overwintering insect populations and reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria.
1. Leaf spot. Generally onset in May, 6-8 months of serious harm, you can spray 65% ​​mancozeb WP 500 times in the new shoot speed long-term control.
2. Sang Baixi. Three generations a year occur. Each generation of nymphs occurs in mid-May, July to early August and September. The nymph colony damages the branches and can be sprayed at a rate of 1500 times or 1000-1200 times. Liquid control.
3. Flow gum disease. It can happen from April to October, and it is the most serious from July to September. It is necessary to scrape the lesions in time and apply the mixture with 50% Tuzet and 50% sulfur suspension in a 1:5 ratio.
4. Ye Ye. From late May to early June, the squeegee wiped out and won 2000 times liquid.
5. Red neck beetle. Can take clear spawning wounds on the branches, in the defecation hole inject 50% phoxim EC 500 times and seal with soil to kill larvae, artificial killing adults and other methods.
6. Ye Yan. Six to seven generations a year occur. Adults, eggs, larvae, and nymphs coexist in mid-June. Generations overlap, especially in hot and dry years. It can be sprayed with 20% konjac 1000 to 1500 times liquid or 1.0% avenectin emulsion 4000 times during the active period of young and nymphs 1 to 2 weeks after the cherry blossom.
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