Causes and countermeasures of corn ear deformity
First, the main cause of ear deformity
1. Obstructive cold injury. The ear is affected by the lower physiological limit when it develops, resulting in the obstruction of sexual organs and the inability to further differentiate. Partial sexual organs do not form, and the development of the panicle is incomplete and deformed.
2. The top advantage. The tassels of corn are developed from the top buds and have a strong growth potential. Tassels differentiate 7 to 10 days earlier than the female ear. The ear is developed from axillary buds. It develops later and has a weak growth potential. When the external conditions are not When appropriate, tassels have a significant inhibitory effect on the ear. When malnutrition occurs, tassels use the apical dominance to absorb large amounts of nutrients to the top, and nutritional deficiencies cause abnormalities in the development of the female ear.
3. Malnutrition. In the ear differentiation stage, if the nutrition is insufficient, the photosynthetic area is small, the organic matter accumulation is less, the ear development is poor, and the deformity rate is increased. However, the excessive supply of minerals during the corn growth period causes a strong nutrient growth, weakened reproductive growth, and less distribution of organic matter to the female ear, thus forming a malformed ear.
4. High temperature and drought. The period from the bell mouth to heading is the maximum period of water requirement for corn. If the drought is absent during this period, it will affect the normal flowering of tassels and the extraction of the female filaments, causing a delay in silking in advance of the tasselling, the vitality of the pollen is weak, and the filaments are easy to wither. Can't pollinate and fertilize.
5. Rainy and wet. In the period of corn loosing powder, there was continuous rain and rain, and the light was insufficient. The pollen grains of the pollen grains easily swelled and ruptured to death or bind into clumps and lost their ability to pollinate. However, the female filaments failed to fertilize in time, resulting in spikes and seedlessness.
Second, prevention measures:
1. Choose good varieties and sow at the right time. Maize is a crop sensitive to low temperature, and the sensitivity of different varieties to cold temperatures is different. Different development stages of the same plant have different responses to low temperatures. Selecting a species that is sensitive to low temperature response and encountering a temperature lower than the physiological minimum temperature during the development stage of the panicle sex organ will cause some ear deformities. Therefore, select high-quality, disease-resistant varieties that respond relatively weakly to low temperatures, and sow at the right time to try to avoid the low-temperature chilling damage during the development of the local female ear.
2. Weaken the top edge. The castration technology used in production can effectively reduce the apical dominance, reduce the suppression of tassel on the ear, adjust the reasonable distribution of nutrients, and reduce the rate of ear deformity. When the tassels are exposed, the interlace or septum will pull the tassels out, do not bring out the functional leaves, leaving only half of the tassels in the whole field. After the pollination is completed, remove the remaining tassels to reduce nutrient consumption. It is not appropriate to adopt this technical measure for varieties that use CMS for seed production.
3. Reasonable fertilization. Corn from the jointing to the ear spinning to fertilization to the booting stage, is the most vigorous growth period, during this period, adequate supply of nutrients, can reduce the incidence of abnormal spikes. Basal fertilizer should be applied to organic fertilizer and full amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied. When the 5 to 6 leaves of corn were spread, jointing fertilizer was applied, and the top dressing amount accounted for 60% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer. When 12 to 13 leaves of corn are unfolded, chase fertilizer is applied to recover the remaining 40% of nitrogen fertilizer. Single fertilization had higher rate of abnormal ear than prescription fertilization, and the application rate of binary fertilizer was higher than that of ternary fertilizer.
4. Reasonably dense planting. At the same density, the rate of malformation is higher than that of fertilization. The lower the fertility, the higher the density, the higher the deformity rate. In the form of planting, it should be closely planted according to the characteristics of the varieties. The increased row spacing facilitates ventilation and light transmission, improves photosynthetic capacity, increases nutrition of the ear, promotes ear differentiation, and reduces the deformity rate.
5. Pumping male flowering water. The first 15 days of corn tasseling are sensitive to water. In this case, if the soil drought can be watered in time, it can promote the development of the ear, shorten the time difference between male and female flowers, facilitate normal pollination and insemination, reduce the rate of malformation, if the soil moisture content is less than the maximum water capacity in the field. 80% of the places where conditions permit should be watered immediately.
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