There is another person in your body? Human beings are not a single living body
Release date: 2015-11-03
For the past 6 years, photographer Ariko Inaoka has been tracking a pair of twins Erna and Hrefna living in Iceland.
When they develop together in the mother's womb, there may be exchanges of cells between the twins, which makes the relationship between them more intimate than we had imagined before.
In general, however, we should not be hostile to these “outside†invaders. After all, it is all these factors that have finally made you today.
According to the BBC website, in the past, everyone had a clear understanding of where they came from: your father met your mother, they fell in love, you are the witness of their love. And Crystallization - In the loud crying, you came to this world. Therefore, half of your body comes from your father and half from your mother. They form a complete you.
Is it "we" or "me"?
But this is not the whole truth. The complete story is more complicated than what is described here. In addition to the genes from your parents, there are viruses, bacteria, and even other human genes in your body. In fact, if you have brothers and sisters, you will also have a part of your brothers and sisters in your body and brain. Although it sounds weird, it does, and it does affect the way you behave.
Peter Kramer of the University of Padua, Italy, said: "Humans are not a single life, but some form of 'super-individual'. In our bodies, a large number of human or non-human individuals are fighting each other. In order to compete for control of us." In collaboration with another scholar, Paola Bressan, Clavier recently published an article in the Journal of Psychological Science, calling on psychologists. Work with a psychiatrist to investigate the impact of this situation on our behavior.
Although it sounds creepy, the truth is that we realized long ago that our body is actually a complex combination of many different creatures. Your gut bacteria produce special neurotransmitters that can change your emotional state. Some scientists even think that microbes in our body can affect our appetite, ensuring that you will consume their favorite foods. And if you accidentally infect a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, you may choose to commit suicide without knowing it. In nature, this parasite infects the mouse's brain, causing the mouse to lose its natural fear of the cat, and even to actively approach the cat. Such behavior will lead to a significant increase in the chances of rats being swallowed and swallowed by cats, which is what the Toxoplasma gondii hopes, because they must enter the cat's body to continue their life cycle.
The human brain can also be infected and produce behaviors similar to those of infected mice that are manipulated by it: the microbes seem to make infected people tend to be in dangerous situations and increase their schizophrenia The risk of illness or suicide depression. Despite such dangers and concerns, a recent survey showed that nearly one-third of the meat in the UK still contains this microbe. Crammir said: "This situation should be changed."
"integrated" compatriots
From this point of view, our behavior is not entirely "our own" behavior. Getting here is enough to make you doubt your identity. But the topics to be mentioned next are even more uncomfortable: not only will your brain be invaded or even controlled by microbes, but it will even be affected by others.
Perhaps the most obvious case is a conjoined baby sharing a brain, but in fact, even completely normal twins have some common organs, even if they don't realize it at all. During the early stages of embryonic development, cells can walk freely between the bodies of twins and even triplets. This situation was once considered very rare, but now we know that this situation is quite common. For example, about 8% of fraternal twins and 21% of triplets have two blood types - one is produced by their own hematopoietic cells, while the others are siblings left in their bodies. Produced by cells. In other words, their bodies are actually composed of several human body splicing, which may occur on many organs, including the brain.
This situation in our brain can lead to serious consequences. For example, we all know that the fine arrangement of different regions of the brain plays a key role in realizing the functions of the brain. If there are foreign organizations, because these organizations from other people have different genetic information, they have the same The different "design blueprints" of the body will cause our brain function to fall into chaos. It is not difficult to explain why the proportion of left-handers in the twin population is higher. This simple feature relies on the synergy between the left and right brains. Perhaps this situation of foreign organization embedding disrupts this balance.
Even if you don't think you have any brothers or sisters, there are still many other ways you might be invaded by cells from other people. There is a possibility that your mother is pregnant with a pair of twins, you are one of the fetuses. When the two of you are in the mother's womb, the two fetuses may merge with each other in the early stages of development. Since this condition usually occurs very early in development, the cells of another fetus can be completely integrated into the tissue, making everything look normal, but in fact your body already contains another human gene. information. Crammir pointed out: "You look like a person, but there is another person in your body - in fact, you have always been two people." In an extreme case, a woman was surprised to learn her Not a biological mother of her own children. Another possibility is that the cells of your brother or sister will swim in the mother's body, and they will enter your body when they are about to become your fertilized eggs.
Lee Nelson of the University of Washington in the United States says that no matter how it is, organizations from another person are entirely likely to cause unexpected developments in your brain. At present, the topic that Nielsen is studying is to find out whether the mother's own cells may invade the brain of her own fetus. She said: "The number and type of invading fetal cells and the different time periods of invasion will lead to abnormal situations. â€
Nielsen also found that even after you become an adult, you still have difficulty avoiding the risk of being invaded by others. A few years ago, Nielsen collaborated with William Chan of the University of Alberta in Canada to obtain a sample of brain tissue from several women and analyze the Y chromosome contained in it. It was found that 63% of the tissue samples contained cells belonging to males. William Money said: "We found that not only do male brain tissue contain male DNA, but we also find that they exist in different parts of the female brain." In other words, these women's brains are scattered around the male body. cell. The idea of ​​a compound logic should be that these male cells should come from her children. Somehow, when she was pregnant, the stem cells of her son's body penetrated the placenta and reached the brain area of ​​her mother. The surprising thing is that this situation seems to reduce the chances of mothers suffering from Alzheimer's disease, but the specific mechanism of action is not clear. Some researchers have even begun to imagine whether these cells of the fetus affect women's thinking and behavior during pregnancy.
Our understanding of the reality that we belong to “super-individual†is still at a very preliminary stage, so a large part of the research is still in the theoretical stage. The goal of the latest papers by Clavier and Brescia is not to give a certain answer, but to remind other psychologists and psychiatrists of the many factors that make us what we are. Crammir said: "If we only consider a single individual, we will not be able to truly understand human behavior. In the end, we must understand all the 'we' behind the 'I'."
For example, scientists often compare the behavior between a pair of twins to understand the origin of behavior, but now we know that even between fraternal twins, there is a mutual interweaving of cells and tissues. It may interfere with the results of previous studies. Therefore, in view of these circumstances, it is necessary to be particularly cautious when conducting research on related topics based on twin studies, such as Alzheimer's disease, because there are likely to be factors of exogenous brain tissue.
In general, however, we should not be hostile to these “outside†invaders. After all, it is all these factors that have finally made you today. Nielsen said: "I think things are very clear now. These 'natural immigrants' in our body have always been with us, whether it is good or bad, this is the truth. And personally, I think they bring The benefits are greater than the disadvantages."
Source: Sina Technology
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